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The study aims to examine the acute effects of static and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching exercises with blood flow restriction on hamstring flexibility, muscle strength, and single leg hop in athletes. Outcome measures were hip range of motion, isometric and eccentric hamstring muscle strength, and single leg hop distance.
A total of 109 athletes were included in the study. Participants were randomized into five groups: (1) static stretching, (2) proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching, (3) blood flow restriction (BFR) + static stretching, (4) BFR + PNF stretching, and (5) control groups. Stretching exercises were performed on the dominant leg hamstring muscle group for 3 sets of 15 seconds each. BFR was applied during the stretching to the blood flow restriction (BFR) + static stretching and BFR + PNF stretching groups. No stretching was applied to the control group.
Assessments were performed at baseline and immediately after stretching. Hamstring flexibility (hip joint range of motion) was assessed via the passive straight leg raise test. Isometric and eccentric hamstring muscle strength were measured using a hand-held dynamometer, and muscle power was assessed using the single leg hop distance.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Static stretching | Active Comparator | Static stretching exercises were performed on the dominant leg's hamstring muscle group for 3 sets of 15 seconds. |
|
| PNF stretching | Active Comparator | PNF stretching exercises were performed on the dominant leg's hamstring muscle group for 3 sets of 15 seconds. |
|
| Static stretching with BFR | Experimental | Static stretching exercises were performed on the dominant leg's hamstring muscle group for 3 sets of 15 seconds with BFR application. |
|
| PNF stretching with BFR | Experimental | PNF stretching exercises were performed on the dominant leg's hamstring muscle group for 3 sets of 15 seconds with BFR application |
|
| Control | Other | No stretching was applied to the control group. An information brochure about hamstring injuries was provided to the participants. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Static stretching | Other | Static stretching exercises were performed on the dominant leg's hamstring muscle group for 3 sets of 15 seconds |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| hamstring flexibility | Passive straight leg rise test for dominant leg | immediately after intervention |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Power | single leg hop distance for dominant and non-dominant leg | immediately after intervention |
| muscle strength | isometric and eccentric hamstring muscle strength of the dominant leg |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Ayse Birsu Topcugil Kirik, MD | Dokuz Eylul University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dokuz Eylul University, Sports Medicine Department | Izmir | Balcova | 35330 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D052580 | Muscle Stretching Exercises |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005081 | Exercise Therapy |
| D012046 | Rehabilitation |
| D000359 | Aftercare |
| D003266 | Continuity of Patient Care |
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| PNF stretching | Other | PNF stretching exercises were performed on the dominant leg's hamstring muscle group for 3 sets of 15 seconds. |
|
| Static stretching with BFR | Other | Static stretching exercises were performed on the dominant leg's hamstring muscle group for 3 sets of 15 seconds with BFR application. |
|
| PNF stretching with BFR | Other | PNF stretching exercises were performed on the dominant leg's hamstring muscle group for 3 sets of 15 seconds with BFR application. |
|
| Control | Other | No stretching was applied to the control group. An information brochure about hamstring injuries was provided to the participants. |
|
| immediately after intervention |
| D005791 |
| Patient Care |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
| D026741 | Physical Therapy Modalities |
| D015444 | Exercise |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D009068 | Movement |
| D009142 | Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |