The design of this study is an intervention, randomized, controlled study and contains two randomized groups：（1）AF-termination group；（2）Prespecified-ablation group.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. aged between 18 and 80 years old;
2. Patients undergoing a first-time ablation procedure for PersAF, and in spontaneous AF at the beginning of the procedure;
3. Diagnosed as persistent AF according to the latest clinical guidelines，with atrial fibrillation lasting for at least one month;
4. Ineffective or intolerable to ≥1 anti-arrhythmia drug treatment;
5. Patients must be able and willing to provide written informed consent to participate in this study;
6. Patients must be willing and able to comply with all study follow- up requirements.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. .Uncontrolled congestive heart failure, EF <35%;
2. . History of severe valve disease and/or prosthetic valve replacement;
3. . Myocardial infarction or stroke within 6 months;
4. . Severe congenital heart disease;
5. . Left atrial diameter ≥60mm;
6. . Contrast agent allergy;
7. . The use of anticoagulant drugs is contraindicated;
8. . Severe lung disease;
9. . Left atrial thrombus confirmed by preoperative esophageal ultrasound;
10. .Contraindications for cardiac catheterization;
11. .Prior left atrial ablation (surgical or catheter);
12. .Have performed any cardiac surgery within 2 months;
13. .Poor general health;
14. .Life expectancy < 12 months, including factors such as physical inability to tolerate ablation or unstable disease conditions.-