This is a prospective, multicenter, cohort study aims to demonstrate the role of termination of AF in ablation for persistent atrial fibrillation, and evaluate the clinical outcomes in patients with or without AF termination.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Aged 18 to 80 years old; 2. Persistent AF; 3. Nonresponse or intolerance to ≥1 antiarrhythmic drug.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. With uncontrolled congestive heart failure;
2. Having significant valvular disease and/or prosthetic heart valve(s);
3. With myocardial infarction or stroke within 6 months of screening;
4. With Significant congenital heart disease;
5. Ejection fraction was <40% measured by echocardiography;
6. Allergic to contrast media;
7. Contraindication to anticoagulation medications;
8. Severe pulmonary disease e.g. restrictive pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive disease (COPD);
9. Left atrial (LA) thrombus measured by pre-procedure transesophageal echocardiography;
10. Having any contraindication to right or left sided heart catheterization; 11. Previous atrial fibrillation ablation;

12. Presence of an implanted cardioverter-defibrillator; 13. Any cardiac surgery within the past 2 months; 14. Poor general health; 15.Life expectancy less than 6 months.

Patients with persistent AF.