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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| The University of Hong Kong | OTHER |
| The Hong Kong Society for the Blind | UNKNOWN |
| Tung Wah College | OTHER |
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Both visual impairment and dementia are prevalent in the elderly population. Cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) is an evidence-based intervention for people with mild-to-moderate dementia. Virtual reality (VR) has been used in cognitive rehabilitation. However, the efficacy of CST and the feasibility of incorporating VR into therapy targeting people with dementia and visual impairment (PwDVI) have rarely been explored. The current pilot study addressed two issues: 1) To study the efficacy of conventional CST on PwDVI in different cognitive domains and 2) To explore the feasibility and efficacy of VR-CST on PwDVI in various cognitive domains.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conventional CST group | Active Comparator | A total 14 sessions of conventional cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) with different themes were delivered twice a week to patients with dementia in groups of four to five. Therapy materials included real objects, pictures and videos presented via iPADs where users can enlarge the images manually or under facilitator's assistancd. |
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| VR-CST | Experimental | A total of 14 sessions of virtual reality cognitive stimulation therapy (VR-CST) with different themes were delivered twice a week to patients with dementia in groups of four to five. In the VR-CST condition, participants wore a head-mounted display (HMD; model: DPVR P1 Pro Headset) for the themed activities in every session except sessions 1 and 14. In these two sessions, group physical activities (such as passing a ball from one participant to another) were conducted, so no HMDs were used. In other sessions, panoramic images (e.g., wet market) and videos (e.g., the neighborhood surroundings) prepared by the project team were mainly used, supplemented by 2-dimensional images /videos in which preparing panoramic images/videos was deemed impossible. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Virtual reality based Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (VR-CST) | Behavioral | In the VR-CST condition, participants wore a head-mounted display (HMD; model: DPVR P1 Pro Headset) for the themed activities in every session except sessions 1 and 14. In these two sessions, group physical activities (such as passing a ball from one participant to another) were conducted, so no HMDs were used. In other sessions, panoramic images (e.g., wet market) and videos (e.g., the neighborhood surroundings) prepared by the project team were mainly used, supplemented by 2-dimensional images /videos in which preparing panoramic images/videos was deemed impossible. Such a situation occurred in Session 5 (current affairs), in which news clips or captions from newspaper websites served as more appropriate content for discussion than self-created panoramic images/videos. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| The Hong Kong version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment for the Visually Impaired (HKMoCA-VI) | It is a standarized assessment for global cognition for people with visual impairment. | The assessment was administered three times 15 days before and after treatment. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Holden Communication Scale | It is a questionnaire to evaluate the participants' communication and social behavior from a caregiver's perspective. Ratings were given by the formal carers of the old age homes for the visually imapired. | It was administered once one week before and after the intervention. |
| Cantonese version of the Amsterdam-Nijmegan Everyday Language Test (CANELT) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
(7) did not receive any prior CST.
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Hong Kong Society for the Blind | Hong Kong | 000000 | Hong Kong |
Participants' performance (raw scores) on primary and secondary outcomes throughout the study period will be shared on an open access repository (e.g., OSF).
From Feb 2025 to Jan 2034
There is no restriction to access.
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| Conventional Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (Conventional CST) | Behavioral | In the conventional CST group, 2-dimensional images/videos illustrating content identical to the VR-CST condition were displayed via tablet computers (see Table 2 for details) in which participants could manipulate the size of the image depicted or the pace of the videos with the help of the facilitator/therapy assistant. |
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The test portrays 20 real-life situations encompassing different communicative functions, was conducted to evaluate functional communication quantitively. Scores were given based on the accuracy and completeness of the main concepts produced by the subjects. |
| Three times 15 days before and after treatment |
| Procedural description of making a ham-and-egg sandwich | A picture depicting a loaf of bread, ham and an egg were presented to the subject and s/he will be asked to describe the procedures of making an egg-and-ham sandwich as detailed as possible. | The assessment was administered three times 15 days before and after treatment. |
| Synonym judgement | A pair of words were presented auditorily and the participants were asked to judge if the pair of words were synonymous or not. | The assessment was administered three times 15 days before and after treatment. |