Intervention of interest commercially available Kabrita® stage 1 or 2 compared to any other infant formula type

Cow's Milk-Related Symptom Score (CoMiSS®; scoring 0-33), lower scores indicate fewer symptoms. The CoMiSS® was developed by an expert panel to increase the awareness of health care professionals for the presence and severity of symptoms, which might be related to cow's milk protein intake. The CoMiSS® is a validated and easy-to-use clinical tool with an estimated sensitivity between 20-77% and a specificity of 54-92% to suspected cow's milk allergy. The CoMiSS® assesses the stool pattern using the Bristol Scale (hard stools, normal stools, soft stools, liquid stools, watery stools); skin symptoms of atopic eczema on head, neck and/or trunk as well as on arms, hands and/or feet; skin symptoms of urticaria; respiratory symptoms, regurgitation; and crying without any obvious cause in hours per day. The total score ranges from 0-33, where lower scores indicate less severe symptoms

The survey inquired about GI symptoms before and after introduction of GMF (no score on a scale). These symptoms included gassiness (specified as burping, passing gas, bloating, abdominal pain and/or colic); skin symptoms (specified as rashes, and/or eczema); watery stools/diarrhoea; hard stools/constipation; crying without any obvious cause.

Questions before switching to GMF: minor GI complaints (y/n). If yes, which complaints (choices: Gassiness / Skin symptoms / Watery stools/diarrhoea / Hard stools/constipation / None). Tendency to cry without any obvious cause (y/n) Questions after switching to GMF: experienced less complaints (y/n). If yes, which complaints improved (choices: Gassiness / Skin symptoms / Watery stools/diarrhoea / Hard stools/constipation / None of the above). Tendency to cry without any obvious cause (choices: Yes, similar as before / Yes, less than before / Yes, worse than before / No). Crying: on average each day (choices: <1, 1-1.5, 1.5-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, >5h)