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The purpose of this study is to examine potential effects of a diet characterized by UPF on hunger-related hormones and executive function. It entails a two-arm, crossover, randomized controlled trial.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ultra-processed foods | Experimental | Participants are instructed to consume only ultra-processed foods for 3 days. |
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| Unprocessed foods | Experimental | Participants are instructed to consume only unprocessed foods for 3 days. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Education | Behavioral | Educational handouts on how to adhere to the corresponding diet. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Plasma ghrelin | Measured in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL) | Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Plasma active amylin | Measured in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL) | Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days) |
| Plasma C-peptide | Measured in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oklahoma State University | Stillwater | Oklahoma | 74078 | United States |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005247 | Feeding Behavior |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001522 | Behavior, Animal |
| D001519 | Behavior |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D004522 | Educational Status |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012959 | Socioeconomic Factors |
| D011154 | Population Characteristics |
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| Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days) |
| Plasma active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) | Measured in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL) | Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days) |
| Plasma gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) | Measured in pg/mL | Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days) |
| Plasma glucagon | Measured in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL) | Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days) |
| Plasma insulin | Measured in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL) | Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days) |
| Plasma leptin | Measured in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL) | Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days) |
| Plasma monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) | Measured in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL) | Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days) |
| Plasma pancreatic polypeptide (PP) | Measured in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL) | Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days) |
| Plasma peptide YY (PYY) | Measured in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL) | Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days) |
| Plasma secretin | Measured in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL) | Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days) |
| Body mass | Measured in kilograms | Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days) |
| Body mass index | Measured in kilograms divided by meters squared | Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days) |
| Percent fat mass | Measured using a seca medical body composition analyzer (mBCA) 514 bioelectrical impedance scale, as a percentage | Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days) |
| Body fat mass | Measured using a seca medical body composition analyzer (mBCA) 514 bioelectrical impedance scale, in kilograms | Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days) |
| Percent lean mass | Measured using a seca medical body composition analyzer (mBCA) 514 bioelectrical impedance scale, as a percetange | Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days) |
| Lean mass | Measured using a seca medical body composition analyzer (mBCA) 514 bioelectrical impedance scale, in kilograms | Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days) |
| Food addiction according to the Yale Food Addiction Scale Version 2.0 | Presented as a symptom count (score range from 0-11, higher means more food addiction symptoms) and used to classify as "No," "Mild," "Moderate," or "Severe" food addiction | Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days) |
| Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Approach System Scale | Score ranges from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation | Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days) |
| Executive Function: Tower Test (Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System) | Total Achievement Score (range=0-30, higher = higher executive function) | Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days) |
| Executive Function: Color-Word Interference Test (Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System) | Scaled inhibition/switching scores (score range=1-19, higher = higher executive function) | Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days) |
| Ultra-processed food intake | Measured as a percent of total calories, taken from 3-day diet records | Measured at three times: baseline, post-first diet arm (3 days), post-second diet arm (6 days) |