This study aims to evaluate the consistency of hemodynamic monitoring between NICAP and NICCO technologies (T20A; Chongqing, China) and the traditional pulse wave analysis method (EV1000; USA).

The uterine placenta lacks autonomous regulatory ability, thus making maternal cardiac output (CO) the primary source of blood supply. Therefore, monitoring hemodynamics, including maternal CO, is of significant importance and provides guidance for anesthesia decisions such as fluid management and the administration of vasopressors during cesarean section. This study aims to evaluate the consistency of hemodynamic monitoring between NICAP and NICCO technologies (T20A; Chongqing, China) and the traditional pulse wave analysis method (EV1000; USA).

Inclusion Criteria:

• 18-45 years
• Primipara or multipara
• Singleton pregnancy ≥37 weeks
• American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification I to II
• Scheduled for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia

Exclusion Criteria:

• Body height < 150 cm
• Body weight > 100 kg or body mass index (BMI) ≥ 40 kg/m2
• Eclampsia or chronic hypertension or baseline blood pressure ≥140 mmHg
• Hemoglobin < 7g/dl
• Fetal distress, or known fetal developmental anomaly

Singleton pregnancy ≥37 weeks, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification I to II scheduled for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia