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The aim of this study is to examine the effects of chocolate on the vascular function of endurance runners through a crossover study involving male runners consuming both dark and white chocolate.
Participants will be male endurance runners who will receive both black and white chocolate interventions. Arterial stiffness, cardiovascular parameters, respiratory parameters, and running performance will be assessed before and after each intervention period. The study will involve a two-week intervention period for each type of chocolate, with a washout period in between. The primary outcome measure will be arterial stiffness, while secondary outcome measures will include cardiovascular and respiratory parameters, as well as running performance. The study is expected to provide insights into the effects of chocolate consumption on vascular function in endurance athletes.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| A Chocolate Arm | Experimental | Intervention period 1:The group will consume 50 grams of dark chocolate daily for two weeks. Washout period: Two-weeks Intervention period 2: The group will consume 40 grams of white chocolate daily for two weeks. |
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| B Chocolate Arm | Experimental | Intervention period 1:The group will consume 40 grams of white chocolate daily for two weeks. Washout period: Two-weeks Intervention period 2: The group will consume 50 grams of dark chocolate daily for two weeks |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dark chocolate Intervention | Other | The intervention involves daily consumption of 50 grams of dark chocolate for a period of two weeks. The dark chocolate is provided in tablet form, and participants are instructed to consume it daily. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| CF-PWV (Carotid-Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity) | Measurement of the velocity of the pressure wave between the carotid and femoral arteries, expressed in meters per second (m/s) | Baseline and at the end of each 2-week intervention period (after consumption of dark chocolate and after consumption of white chocolate). |
| AIx (Augmentation Index) | Measurement of arterial stiffness, calculated as the difference between the first and second systolic peaks of the arterial waveform, expressed as a percentage (%) | Baseline and at the end of each 2-week intervention period (after consumption of dark chocolate and after consumption of white chocolate). |
| Exercise Time in Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing | Total duration of exercise during cardiopulmonary exercise testing, measured in minutes. | Baseline and at the end of each 2-week intervention period (after consumption of dark chocolate and after consumption of white chocolate). |
| VO2max (Maximal Oxygen Uptake) | Maximum amount of oxygen consumed per minute during incremental exercise, expressed in milliliters per kilogram per minute (mL/kg/min) | Baseline and at the end of each 2-week intervention period (after consumption of dark chocolate and after consumption of white chocolate). |
| 5km Time | Total time taken to complete a 5-kilometer run, measured in minutes and seconds. | Baseline and at the end of each 2-week intervention period (after consumption of dark chocolate and after consumption of white chocolate). |
| 5km Speed |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zacharias Vordos, PhD | Contact | +306977136712 | zvordos@hotmail.com | |
| Asterios Deligiannis, Professor | Contact | +302310992181 | adeligia@phed.auth.gr |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Evangelia Kouidi, Professor | Aristotle University Of Thessaloniki | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laboratory of Sports Medicine | Thessaloniki | 57001 | Greece |
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This study employs a crossover design to investigate the effects of chocolate consumption on vascular function of endurance runners. Participants will undergo multiple treatment periods where they will receive either dark chocolate or white chocolate, followed by washout periods to minimize carryover effects. The order of treatment administration will be randomized to mitigate potential sequence effects. Outcome measures will be assessed at the end of each treatment period to evaluate the impact of chocolate consumption on vascular function, athletic performance and other relevant outcomes.
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Τhe study does not use the method of blind evaluation due to the nature of the interventions, which are easily identifiable by the participants
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| White chocolate Intervention | Other | The intervention involves daily consumption of 40 grams of white chocolate for a period of two weeks. The dark chocolate is provided in tablet form, and participants are instructed to consume it daily. |
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Average speed during a 5-kilometer run, expressed in kilometers per hour (km/h).
| Baseline and at the end of each 2-week intervention period (after consumption of dark chocolate and after consumption of white chocolate). |