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The study aimed to check the influence of timing and composition of diet on markers of gut injury, endotoxemia and stress.
The research protocol includes detailed food intake analysis, including timing and composition, markers related to the neuroendocrine pathway cortisol, and observations of individually experienced symptoms. Moreover, the study also explores intestinal injury and endotoxemia parameters, such as I-FABP, CLDN-3, and LBP. As a first goal, this study investigates the timing and composition of food intake concerning changes in gut integrity, cortisol levels, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Investigators explored whether an athlete's nutritional intake influences any GI disturbance induced by high-intensity exercise. As a second goal, Investigators tried to connect symptoms and markers from both pathways with gastrointestinal complaints. Investigators hypothesised that cortisol levels would be more profound than other studied parameters in gastrointestinal symptoms.
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 meter ergometer test | Other | Rowers performed 2000m ergometer test.A 2,000-m time trial is a standard test used to assess performance in rowers. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| I-FABP (intestinal fatty acid binding protein)to measure epithelial wall injury | I-FABP concentration measured in blood [ng/ml] using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays | Blood samples was taken from the cubital vein at three-time points: before each stress test (after overnight fasting) up to one hour after getting up, 1 minute after the test, and 1-hour recovery period |
| Claudin to measure tight junction leakage | Zonulin concentration measured in blood [ng/ml] using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays | Blood samples was taken from the cubital vein at three-time points: before each stress test (after overnight fasting) up to one hour after getting up, 1 minute after the test, and 1-hour recovery period |
| LBP (lipopolysaccharide binding protein) to measure endotoxin | LBP concentration measured in blood [ug/ml] using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays | Blood samples was taken from the cubital vein at three-time points: before each stress test (after overnight fasting) up to one hour after getting up, 1 minute after the test, and 1-hour recovery period |
| Lactic acid to measure fatigue after the race | Lactate concentration measured in capillary blood from earlobe [mmol/L] using a commercially available kit (Diaglobal, Berlin, Germany) | Blood samples was taken from the cubital vein at three-time points: before each stress test (after overnight fasting) up to one hour after getting up, 1 minute after the test |
| Corisol | Stress hormoneconcentration measured in blood [ng/ml] using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays | Blood samples was taken from the cubital vein at three-time points: before each stress test (after overnight fasting) up to one hour after getting up, 1 minute after the test, and 1-hour recovery period |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| energy | energy [kcal ]of food intake measured by food diary | whole day (24hours) before test, in the morning before the test |
| protein | protein [g ]of food intake measured by food diary |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Male rowers age 18 - 22 years.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Anna Skarpańska-Stejnborn, professor | Poznan University of Physical Education | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poznan University of Physical Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences in Gorzow | Gorzów Wielkopolski | Lubusz Voivodeship | 66-400 | Poland |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019446 | Endotoxemia |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D016470 | Bacteremia |
| D018805 | Sepsis |
| D007239 | Infections |
| D014115 | Toxemia |
| D018746 |
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| whole day (24hours) before test, in the morning before the test |
| fat | fat [g ]of food intake measured by food diary | whole day (24hours) before test, in the morning before the test |
| carbohydrate | carbohydrate [g ]of food intake measured by food diary | whole day (24hours) before test, in the morning before the test |
| glucose | glucose [g ]of food intake measured by food diary | whole day (24hours) before test, in the morning before the test |
| lactose | lactose [g ]of food intake measured by food diary | whole day(24hours) before test, in the morning before the test |
| saccharose | saccharose [g ]of food intake measured by food diary | whole day (24hours) before test, in the morning before the test |
| fructose | fructose [g ]of food intake measured by food diary | whole day (24hours) before test, in the morning before the test |
| fiber | fiber [g ]of food intake measured by food diary | whole day (24hours) before test, in the morning before the test |
| Body mass | Body mass [kg] measured by electronic scale to the nearest 0,05 kg (Tanita BC 418 MA Tanita Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). | in the morning before the test up to 1 hour after getting up |
| Body fat | Body fat [%] measured by electronic scale (Tanita BC 418 MA Tanita Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). | in the morning before the test up to 1 hour after getting up |
| Total body water | Body fat [%] measured by electronic scale (Tanita BC 418 MA Tanita Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). | in the morning before the test up to 1 hour after getting up |
| Lean body mass | Lean body mass [kg] measured by electronic scale (Tanita BC 418 MA Tanita Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). | in the morning before the test up to 1 hour after getting up |
| height | [cm] measured by high meter | in the morning before the test up to 1 hour after getting up |
| self reported gastrointestinal scale | 10 point scale | up to 1 hours after the test |
| Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome |
| D007249 | Inflammation |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D001519 | Behavior |