This retrospective study collected participants who underwent robotic or laparoscopic anterior resection for rectal cancer at the North People's Hospital in Jiangsu from January 2019 to January 2023.

Inclusion Criteria:

The criteria include: (1) pathology of low rectal cancer (within 10 cm from the anal margin); (2) access to comprehensive pathological and computed tomography (CT) data; (3) completeness of clinical data.

Exclusion Criteria:

patients with other malignant tumors besides rectal cancer, benign disease surgery, and emergency surgery.

Participants who underwent robotic or laparoscopic anterior resection for rectal cancer.