Inclusion criteria for patients with pulmonary hypertension:
- Male or female aged ≥18 years
- Right heart catheterisation to check the mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) ≥25mmHg
- The patient is willing and able to provide written informed consent.
Exclusion criteria for patients with pulmonary hypertension:
- Age less than 18 years old
- Mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) <25mmHg
- Unable to provide informed written consent for participation in the study
- Renal insufficiency
- Liver insufficiency
- Malignant tumor
- Active infection
- Pregnancy
Inclusion criteria for control subjects:
- Male or female aged ≥18 years
- No evidence of pulmonary hypertension on echocardiography or mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) < 25 mmHg on right heart catheterization, and no evidence of clinically relevant heart disease
- No evidence of clinically relevant pulmonary disease
Exclusion criteria for control subjects:
- Age less than 18 years old
- Mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) ≥25mmHg
- Unable to provide informed written consent for participation in the study
- Symptoms of heart failure or clinically relevant lung disease
- Renal insufficiency
- Liver insufficiency
- Malignant tumor
- Active infection
- Pregnancy