By applying a "system medicine" approach, the project aims to identify new biomarkers and/or prognostic tools aimed at developing personalized strategies to prevent the onset of comorbidities in infertile men.

By applying a "system medicine" approach, the project aims to identify new biomarkers and/or prognostic tools aimed at developing personalized strategies to prevent the onset of comorbidities in infertile men.

The findings will provide new insights into the relationship between male infertility and somatic health, and shed light on the role of the microbiome in modulating the activity of the immune system. A "signature" of lack of immunological tolerance and biomarkers could be useful to predict future oncologic and non-oncological comorbidities in infertile men. This will let the development of a more clinically reliable and cost-effective personalized primary/secondary prevention strategy in a population at high risk of clinically relevant diseases.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Signature of the informed consent;
• Be adults aged > 18;
• Caucasian race;
• Documented diagnosis of primary male infertility with pure male factor;

Exclusion Criteria:

• Failure to obtain informed consent;
• Patients with a known history of haematological disease;
• Patients undergoing antibiotic treatments in the last 6 months

Fertile and infertile men according to WHO criteria (2010)