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The purpose of this three-arm, pilot, randomized controlled trial is to examine the metabolic and behavioral impacts of consuming a diet characterized by protein from red meat, a meat analogue, or beans/legumes.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Beef | Experimental | Individuals will be asked to consume beef as their only source of protein and follow an individualized meal plan for 4 weeks. Thereafter, they will be instructed to continue beef consumption with any other foods desired for 4 weeks. |
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| Meat analogue | Experimental | Individuals will be asked to consume a commercial meat analogue product as their only source of protein and follow an individualized meal plan for 4 weeks. Thereafter, they will be instructed to continue the meat analogue consumption with any other foods desired for 4 weeks. |
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| Beans/legumes | Experimental | Individuals will be asked to consume beans/legumes as their only source of protein and follow an individualized meal plan for 4 weeks. Thereafter, they will be instructed to continue the bean/legume consumption with any other foods desired for 4 weeks. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beef | Other | Fresh, locally-sourced, grass-fed, grass-finished ground beef sufficient to meet protein needs based on body weight for 8 weeks |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Body weight | In kilograms | Baseline (week 0), T1 (week 4), T2 (week 8) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Fasting lipid panels (i.e., total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, triglycerides) | Total cholesterol (mg/dL), HDL (mg/dL), LDL (mg/dL), triglycerides (mg/dL) | Baseline (week 0), T1 (week 4), T2 (week 8) |
| Fasting blood glucose |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oklahoma State University | Stillwater | Oklahoma | 74078 | United States |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015438 | Health Behavior |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001519 | Behavior |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000069466 | Red Meat |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D008460 | Meat |
| D005502 | Food |
| D000066888 | Diet, Food, and Nutrition |
| D010829 | Physiological Phenomena |
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| Meat analogue | Other | Commercially-available and purchased meat analogue sufficient to meet protein needs based on body weight for 8 weeks |
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| Beans/legumes | Other | Canned beans/legumes sufficient to meet protein needs based on body weight for 8 weeks |
|
In mg/dL
| Baseline (week 0), T1 (week 4), T2 (week 8) |
| Yale Food Addiction Scale | Continuous score = 0-7 (higher = more symptoms of food addiction) | Baseline (week 0), T1 (week 4), T2 (week 8) |
| Skin carotenoids | Baseline (week 0), T1 (week 4), T2 (week 8) |
| Blood pressure | Systolic and diastolic (mmHg) | Baseline (week 0), T1 (week 4), T2 (week 8) |
| Dietary patterns (3-day diet records) | Baseline (week 0), T1 (week 4), T2 (week 8) |
| Behavioral Activation Scale Reward Responsiveness | Score ranges 5-20, higher scores indicate greater reward responsiveness | Baseline (week 0), T1 (week 4), T2 (week 8) |
| Ad-Libitum Ultra-Processed Food Consumption | Reported in weight of food consumed, greater than or equal to 0 grams | Baseline (week 0), T1 (week 4), T2 (week 8) |
| Sensitivity to Punishment and Reward Questionnaire (Reward Questions) | Score ranges 0-24, higher indicates greater sensitivity to reward | Baseline (week 0), T1 (week 4), T2 (week 8) |
| D019602 |
| Food and Beverages |