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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| National Cattlemen's Beef Association, a contractor to the Beef Checkoff | INDUSTRY |
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The purpose of this study is to determine ad libitum daily energy intake, body weight changes and appetite profile in response to protein/carbohydrate and fat ratio over 12 consecutive days, and in relation to age, gender, body mass index (BMI) and fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene alleles.
The protein leverage hypothesis requires specific evidence whether energy intake would depend on a possible protein intake target in humans. Meat protein as complete protein may show most beneficial effects on variables regarding food intake regulation.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Protein intake of 5 energy percent (En%) | Experimental |
| |
| Protein intake of 15 En% | Experimental |
| |
| Protein intake of 30 En% | Experimental |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Differences in protein content (En%) of meals | Dietary Supplement | The three applied conditions will differ in the relative protein content of the meals, including 5 En%, 15 En% and 30 En% from protein. Beef protein will be used as main meat protein source in the 15 En% and 30 En% protein conditions. The resulting macronutrient compositions of the diets will be En% Protein/Carbohydrate/Fat; 5/60/35, 15/50/35, and 30/35/35. All meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner) within each condition will have the same macronutrient composition. All food items, and the energy density, weight and volume of the meals will be the same between conditions. All snack items will be very low in protein content. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Body weight change | Body weight will be measured on day 1, 6 and 12. Subsequently, the change in body weight over time will be calculated. | 11 days |
| Appetite profile | Appetite profile will be measured by means of questionnaires: visual analogue scales (VAS). Area under the curve (AUC) will be calculated over 12 consecutive days. | 12 consecutive days |
| Energy intake | Total energy intake over 12 days will be determined for each subject by adding energy intake during meals to energy intake from snack consumption. | 12 consecutive days |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Margriet S Westerterp-Plantenga, Prof. dr. | Maastricht University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maastricht University | Maastricht | 6200 MD | Netherlands |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 15836464 | Background | Simpson SJ, Raubenheimer D. Obesity: the protein leverage hypothesis. Obes Rev. 2005 May;6(2):133-42. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2005.00178.x. | |
| 16002798 | Background | Weigle DS, Breen PA, Matthys CC, Callahan HS, Meeuws KE, Burden VR, Purnell JQ. A high-protein diet induces sustained reductions in appetite, ad libitum caloric intake, and body weight despite compensatory changes in diurnal plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Jul;82(1):41-8. doi: 10.1093/ajcn.82.1.41. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009765 | Obesity |
| D050177 | Overweight |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D044343 | Overnutrition |
| D009748 | Nutrition Disorders |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D001835 | Body Weight |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D062407 | Meals |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005502 | Food |
| D000066888 | Diet, Food, and Nutrition |
| D010829 | Physiological Phenomena |
| D019602 | Food and Beverages |
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| 22158729 | Background | Griffioen-Roose S, Mars M, Siebelink E, Finlayson G, Tome D, de Graaf C. Protein status elicits compensatory changes in food intake and food preferences. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 Jan;95(1):32-8. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111.020503. Epub 2011 Dec 7. |
| 22022472 | Background | Gosby AK, Conigrave AD, Lau NS, Iglesias MA, Hall RM, Jebb SA, Brand-Miller J, Caterson ID, Raubenheimer D, Simpson SJ. Testing protein leverage in lean humans: a randomised controlled experimental study. PLoS One. 2011;6(10):e25929. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025929. Epub 2011 Oct 12. |
| 11063440 | Background | Mikkelsen PB, Toubro S, Astrup A. Effect of fat-reduced diets on 24-h energy expenditure: comparisons between animal protein, vegetable protein, and carbohydrate. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Nov;72(5):1135-41. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/72.5.1135. |
| 25183991 | Derived | Martens EA, Tan SY, Mattes RD, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. No protein intake compensation for insufficient indispensable amino acid intake with a low-protein diet for 12 days. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2014 Aug 20;11:38. doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-11-38. eCollection 2014. |
| 24760974 | Derived | Martens EA, Tan SY, Dunlop MV, Mattes RD, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Protein leverage effects of beef protein on energy intake in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014 Jun;99(6):1397-406. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.078774. Epub 2014 Apr 23. |
| D012816 |
| Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |