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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| PR2022-049 | Other Grant/Funding Number | University of Cadiz |
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Chronic tendinopathies (CT) have a high prevalence (30% of musculoskeletal injuries), causing pain, decreased physical activity and functionality, as well as limitations in daily life. Virtual reality (VR) fosters patient recovery through playful activities that promote competitiveness, stimulates motivation and continuous attention, allows individualizing the exercise program, objectively assessing the execution of the treatment and monitoring the patient's evolution. Therefore, the VIRTENDON-REHAB project aims to conduct a low-risk randomized controlled clinical trial to analyze the efficacy of a VR-based physical rehabilitation program in a population diagnosed with CT on pain, functionality, range of motion, strength, muscle activation pattern, kinesiophobia, quality of life, adherence to treatment and patient satisfaction with the use of the system, compared to a control group. Likewise, the aim is to characterize the clinical profile of this population and to know the relationships between the previous variables. Measurements will be taken at the beginning of the intervention, at the end (12 weeks) and 3 months after the end of the intervention. A descriptive analysis will be performed, inter- and intra-group differences will be analyzed by means of t-Student, Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney U and mixed ANOVA tests. Cohen's d will be used to determine the effect size. Relationships between variables will be analyzed using structural equations. The results obtained will allow improving knowledge on the management of CT using VR, as well as improving clinical care and reducing healthcare costs.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| VR group | Experimental | The VR intervention program for the experimental group will be carried through the Oculus Quest 2 device (which consists of VR glasses and different accessories) will be used, in conjunction with software specifically designed for physical rehabilitation of upper and lower limbs: Dynamics VR. This VR intervention will be performed in addition to the patient's usual treatment program. |
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| Control group | Other |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Virtual reality | Procedure | The VR intervention program for the experimental group will be carried out with a frequency of 3 sessions/week, duration of approximately 45 minutes, and for a total of 12 weeks, being performed in addition to the patient's usual treatment program. The Oculus Quest 2 device (which consists of VR glasses and different accessories) will be used, in conjunction with software specifically designed for physical rehabilitation of upper and lower limbs: Dynamics VR. Specifically, the specific functional rehabilitation program will be used, which comprises exercises that are easy to perform, with a playful component, and which encourage the patient's continuous attention to the task performed, acting as a distractor phenomenon in the face of restrictive movement factors such as fear of pain or movement. This software offers the possibility of adjusting the number of repetitions and characteristics of the exercises, thus allowing an individualized physical rehabilitation |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Disability (Shoulder And Pain Disability Index) | Longitudinal change from 0 to 100. Higher scores mean worse outcome. | Fom Baseline up to 24 Weeks Follow-up |
| Disability (Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment - Patellar) | Longitudinal change from 0 to 100. Higher scores mean better outcome. | Fom Baseline up to 24 Weeks Follow-up |
| Disability (Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment - Achilles) | Longitudinal change from 0 to 100. Higher scores mean better outcome. | Fom Baseline up to 24 Weeks Follow-up |
| Pain (Visual Analogue Scale) | Longitudinal change from 0 to 10. Higher scores mean worse outcome. | Fom Baseline up to 24 Weeks Follow-up |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Range of motion (Goniometer) | Longitudinal change | Fom Baseline up to 24 Weeks Follow-up |
| Strength (Dynamometer) | Longitudinal change |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| David Lucena Anton, PhD | Contact | 956015699 | +34 | david.lucena@uca.es |
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy | Recruiting | Cadiz | 11009 | Spain |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 24149868 | Background | Kaux JF, Forthomme B, Goff CL, Crielaard JM, Croisier JL. Current opinions on tendinopathy. J Sports Sci Med. 2011 Jun 1;10(2):238-53. | |
| 27852585 | Background | Mallows A, Debenham J, Walker T, Littlewood C. Association of psychological variables and outcome in tendinopathy: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2017 May;51(9):743-748. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096154. Epub 2016 Nov 16. |
| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| Virtual reality software | View source |
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Parallel Assignment
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A single-blind method will be carried out on the persons collecting and analysing the data
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| Control group | Other | The control group will only receive their usual treatment program for the 12-week duration of the study. |
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| Fom Baseline up to 24 Weeks Follow-up |
| Kinesiophobia (Tampa Scale Questionnaire) | Longitudinal change from 17 to 68 where the lowest 17 means no or negligible kinesiophobia, and the higher scores indicate an increasing degree of kinesiophobia | From Baseline up to 24 Weeks Follow-up |
| Quality of Life (36-item Short Form Survey) | Longitudinal change from 0 to 100. Higher scores mean better outcome. | From Baseline up to 24 Weeks Follow-up |
| Adherence (Exercise Adherence Rating Scale) | The original English version of the EARS is a 16-item, self-reported questionnaire, which assessadherence of prescribed exercises [6]. The EARS consist of 3 sections. Section 'A' is about prescribedexercise questionnaire. This section consists of 5 questions, which are related to way of doing activitiesand exercise that people often do to improve their physical quality of life. Section 'B' is about exerciseadherence behavior, so called exercise adherence rating scale. This section consists of 6 items, which isan actual measure to identify exercise adherence. This evaluates whether individuals do their exercise asper recommendation or not. Section 'C' is about reasons for adherence/non-adherence of exercises. Thissection consists of 10 items, which assesses factors that hinders and facilitates the exercises. Higher scores mean better outcome. | 12 Weeks and 24 Weeks |
| User satisfaction (Consumer Report Effectiveness Scale) | Global satisfaction with the treatment received. 3-item scale scoring from 0 to 300. Higher scores mean better outcome. | 12 Weeks and 24 Weeks |
| 27810828 | Background | Chen KB, Sesto ME, Ponto K, Leonard J, Mason A, Vanderheiden G, Williams J, Radwin RG. Use of Virtual Reality Feedback for Patients with Chronic Neck Pain and Kinesiophobia. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2017 Aug;25(8):1240-1248. doi: 10.1109/TNSRE.2016.2621886. Epub 2016 Oct 26. |
| 32027185 | Background | Dominguez-Tellez P, Moral-Munoz JA, Salazar A, Casado-Fernandez E, Lucena-Anton D. Game-Based Virtual Reality Interventions to Improve Upper Limb Motor Function and Quality of Life After Stroke: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Games Health J. 2020 Feb;9(1):1-10. doi: 10.1089/g4h.2019.0043. |
| 8156067 | Background | Almekinders LC, Almekinders SV. Outcome in the treatment of chronic overuse sports injuries: a retrospective study. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1994 Mar;19(3):157-61. doi: 10.2519/jospt.1994.19.3.157. |
| 18812414 | Background | Cook JL, Purdam CR. Is tendon pathology a continuum? A pathology model to explain the clinical presentation of load-induced tendinopathy. Br J Sports Med. 2009 Jun;43(6):409-16. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2008.051193. Epub 2008 Sep 23. |
| 39974760 | Derived | Lucena-Anton D, Dominguez-Romero JG, Chacon-Barba JC, Santi-Cano MJ, Luque-Moreno C, Moral-Munoz JA. Efficacy of a physical rehabilitation program using virtual reality in patients with chronic tendinopathy: A randomized controlled trial protocol (VirTendon-Rehab). Digit Health. 2025 Feb 18;11:20552076241297043. doi: 10.1177/20552076241297043. eCollection 2025 Jan-Dec. |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D052256 | Tendinopathy |
| D000070639 | Elbow Tendinopathy |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009135 | Muscular Diseases |
| D009140 | Musculoskeletal Diseases |
| D013708 | Tendon Injuries |
| D014947 | Wounds and Injuries |
| D000092464 | Elbow Injuries |
| D001134 | Arm Injuries |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D035061 | Control Groups |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015340 | Epidemiologic Research Design |
| D004812 | Epidemiologic Methods |
| D008919 | Investigative Techniques |
| D012107 | Research Design |
| D008722 | Methods |
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