The management of coexisting intrahepatic bile duct (IBD) and extrahepatic bile duct (EBD) stones is complicated and requires a multidisciplinary approach. The long-term clinical outcomes of patients initially treated with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) EBD stone extraction remain unclear. Investigators conducted a retrospective study of patients with coexisting IBD and EBD to investigate the long-term impact of ERCP on the incidence of recurrent EBD stones and to identify risk factors of recurrence.

Inclusion Criteria:

• non-gastrointestinal tract reconstruction patients with coexisting IBD and EBD stones who underwent ERCP between July 2008 and December 2020 at Xijing Hospital in China

Exclusion Criteria:

• patients with benign or malignant EBD strictures
• sclerosing cholangitis
• suspected choledochal cysts
• liver cirrhosis
• parasitic liver diseases
• long-term biliary drainage with biliary stents or percutaneous tubes
• without a definitive IBD stone or with a diagnosis of liver calcification as determined by imaging review
• medical records or follow-up information was unavailable

patients with intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile duct stones who underwent ERCP choledocholithotomy were eligible for our study