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The aim of the study is to assess the effectiveness of ECC tele-detection methods combined with referral pathways, with and without user fee removal, in controlling ECC.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intraoral camera, conventional referral | Experimental |
| |
| Intraoral camera, user fee removal | Experimental |
| |
| Smartphone camera, conventional referral | Experimental |
| |
| Smartphone camera, user fee removal | Experimental |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caries detection method: Intraoral camera | Device | A specialized intraoral camera (C50) with fluorescence signal and selective chromatic amplification will be used to record intraoral structures in the form of videos and/or photos. The camera has four modes (Daylight, Daylight+, Perio and Caries modes) which can differentiate the color of tissues to provide a reliable diagnosis. The camera will be used in a systemic sequence to video record and capture photos of intraoral conditions in both arches. The intraoral camera will be connected to a laptop screen, and the captured videos and/ or photos will be transferred to an electronic platform. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| The percentage of teeth receiving care | This will be assessed using the Caries Assessment Spectrum and Treatment (CAST) index. The CAST index hierarchically describes the full spectrum of caries from the absence of caries, passing through prevention (sealants) and treatment (restoration), to the presence of carious lesions with their complications (pulp exposure, abscess/fistula, and tooth loss). As for the condition severity, Codes 0-2 represent "healthy", 3 indicates "pre-morbidity", while 4-5 indicate "morbidity", 6-7 indicate "serious morbidity", and 8 indicates "mortality". | up to 12 months |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Oral health-related quality of life | This will be assessedusing the Arabic Version of Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS).The scale comprises 13 items included in two main sections: the Child Impact Section (9 items) and the Family Impact Section (4 items). The Child Impact Section has four domains: child symptom (one item), child function (four items), child psychology (two items) and child self-image and social interaction (two items). The Family Impact Scale has two domains: Parental distress (two items) and Family function (two items). The response options are coded: 0 = never; 1 = hardly ever; 2 = occasionally; 3 = often; 4 = very often. ECOHIS scores are calculated by summing the response codes for the child and family sections separately. The values range from 0 to 52 for the total scale (0-36 for the child section and 0-16 for the family section). The highest score expressed a greater impact of the state of oral health indicating worse quality of life. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nourhan M Aly, M.Sc | Contact | 1006639489 | +20 | nourhan.moustafa@alexu.edu.eg |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Nourhan M Aly, M.Sc | Alexandria University | Principal Investigator |
| Mona K El Kashlan, PhD | Alexandria University | Study Chair |
| Nicolas Giraudeau |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University | Recruiting | Alexandria | 21512 | Egypt |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 39737579 | Derived | Aly NM, El Kashlan MK, Giraudeau N, El Tantawi M. Children's Acceptance of Intraoral Cameras and Smartphones for Caries Detection: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2025 Jul;35(4):792-799. doi: 10.1111/ipd.13291. Epub 2024 Dec 31. | |
| 39129017 | Derived | Aly NM, El Kashlan MK, Giraudeau N, El Tantawi M. A Tele-detection and referral pAthways model for early childhood cariEs control- a protocol for a randomized factorial study: the TRACE study. BMC Oral Health. 2024 Aug 11;24(1):934. doi: 10.1186/s12903-024-04706-8. |
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| Caries detection method: Smartphone camera | Device | This is a low-cost electronic system consisting of a smartphone positioned in front of the oral cavity to scan the upper and lower jaws from the cheek then the tongue sides. The smartphone camera resolution should be sensitive enough to capture the intraoral structures (at least 1000 pixels). The focus will be adjusted, and the inbuilt flash will be used to obtain clear and sharp images. The photos will be transferred to the electronic platform. |
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| Referral pathway: User fee removal | Other | The child's parent/ legal guardian will receive financial incentives. These a are designed to cover the costs of treatment and transportation and are tied to attending the preventive dental visit. The child will receive complete dental care. |
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| Referral pathway: Conventional referral | Other | Children will be referred without providing financial incentives following the current standard of care in dental clinics in the public sector in Egypt. Care is planned by the receiving/ treating dentist, based on available resources, and hospital/ clinic policies. The screening/ sending dentist will inform the family about the oral health condition/s and planned treatment costs for which the child needs care and of available public and private facilities that offer the required care. |
|
| up to 12 months |
| Procedure time | The time needed for intra-oral scanning and assessing the CAST codes will be recorded per patient, and the average time will be calculated and compared between the two methods. | throughout the procedure completion |
| The child's behavior during dental photography | This will be assessed through direct observation of the patients and will be assessed on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from "not at all" to "extremely". Higher scores on the positive items indicate favorable behavior | throughout the procedure completion |
| The child's mood during dental photography | This will be assessed based on the modified "Positive and Negative Affect Schedule" (PANAS) scale through direct observation of the patients and will be assessed on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from "not at all" to "extremely". Higher scores on the positive outcomes indicate a better mood, while lower scores on the negative items indicate a worse mood. | throughout the procedure completion |
| Percentage of preventive visits completed per child | The number of preventive visits that are attended per child will be assessed. | up to 12 months |
| Rate of treatment completion | Treatment completion rate will be assessed by monitoring the procedures received out of all procedures the child was indicated to receive. | up to 12 months |
| University Hospital Center of Montpellier, France |
| Study Chair |
| Maha El Tantawi, PhD | Alexandria University | Study Director |