Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
The goal of this type of study: observational study is to compare motor development between urban and rural regions in pre-school age children. The main questions it aims to answer are:
Participants will be asked to perform tasks of bruininks-oseretsky test of motor proficiency, second edition.
Researchers will compare urban group and rural group to see if there is any difference in motor development.
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Urban group1 | 150 boys |
| |
| Urban group2 | 150 girls |
| |
| Rural group 3 | 150 boys |
| |
| Rural group 4 | 150 girls |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition | Other | It is a standardized measure of fine and gross motor skills in children and youth aged 4-21 years |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Assessing motor development by Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2 (BOT-2) | BOT-2 is a norm-referenced standardized measure of fine and gross motor skills in children and youth aged 4-21 years.It consists of 53 items and is typically completed in 45-60 minutes. | Baseline |
Not provided
Not provided
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Not provided
Not provided
Subjects will be selected from kindergartens.Subjects will be divided into two subgroups according to region . Each subgroup will be divided into two subgroups according to age and will contain 150 children.
Not provided
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Eman IB EL-Hadidy, Professor | Cairo University | Study Chair |
| Samia AB Abdel Rahman, Professor | Cairo University | Study Director |
| Hadeer AA Abdel El-Khalik, Masters | Cairo University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Faculty of physical therapy,Cairo university | Cairo | Cairo Governorate | Egypt | |||
| Schools |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Background | Al-Thumali F (2016): Assessment of Motor Proficiency Levels in Children in Saudi Arabia. Theses and Dissertations. School of Education and Professional Studies, Griffith University, 7 (2):3-12. | ||
| Background | Balasundaram P and Avulakunta ID (2022): Human growth and development. [Updated 2022 Jan 14]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK567767/ | ||
| 23321410 | Background | Bellman M, Byrne O, Sege R. Developmental assessment of children. BMJ. 2013 Jan 15;346:e8687. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e8687. No abstract available. | |
| Background | Beltre G and Mendez M (2022): Child Development. [Updated 2022 Mar 15]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Available from: https:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/ NBK564386/. |
Not provided
Not provided
Individual participant data will not be shared. Results will be published by the investigators in academic journals.Sharing of generated study data will be carried out in several different ways.We plan to make our results available to researchers and potential collaborators
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Cairo |
| Egypt |
| Background | Bruininks R and Bruininks B (2005): Bruininks-oseretsky test of motor proficiency second edition manual. Minneapolis, MN: Pearson Assessments |
| Background | Bruininks RH and Bruinicks BD (2005): Bruininks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency, second edition (BOT-2). Minneapolis, MN: Pearson. Accessed 21 May 2022 |
| Background | Burkett T (2018): Norm-Referenced Testing and Criterion-Referenced Testing. In: Liontas JI (ed.): The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp:1-5. |
| 19397603 | Background | Cairney J, Hay J, Veldhuizen S, Missiuna C, Faught BE. Comparing probable case identification of developmental coordination disorder using the short form of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency and the Movement ABC. Child Care Health Dev. 2009 May;35(3):402-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2009.00957.x. |
| Background | Case-smith J (2015): Development of childhood occupations. In: Case-smith j. and O'Brien J. (eds.): Occupational Therapy for Children and Adolescents. 7th edition. St Louis, MI: Elsevier Mosby. pp:67-69. |
| 30997518 | Background | Choo YY, Agarwal P, How CH, Yeleswarapu SP. Developmental delay: identification and management at primary care level. Singapore Med J. 2019 Mar;60(3):119-123. doi: 10.11622/smedj.2019025. |
| 24149522 | Background | Cools W, Martelaer KD, Samaey C, Andries C. Movement skill assessment of typically developing preschool children: a review of seven movement skill assessment tools. J Sports Sci Med. 2009 Jun 1;8(2):154-68. |
| Background | Cowden J and Torrey C (2007): Motor Development and Movement Activities for Preschoolers and Infants With Delays: A Multisensory Approach for Professionals and Families. 2nd edition. Charles C. Thomas Pub Ltd. pp:3-17. |
| 11693695 | Background | Croce RV, Horvat M, McCarthy E. Reliability and concurrent validity of the movement assessment battery for children. Percept Mot Skills. 2001 Aug;93(1):275-80. doi: 10.2466/pms.2001.93.1.275. |
| 18032151 | Background | Deitz JC, Kartin D, Kopp K. Review of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition (BOT-2). Phys Occup Ther Pediatr. 2007;27(4):87-102. |
| 30066336 | Background | Ferreira L, Godinez I, Gabbard C, Vieira JLL, Cacola P. Motor development in school-age children is associated with the home environment including socioeconomic status. Child Care Health Dev. 2018 Nov;44(6):801-806. doi: 10.1111/cch.12606. Epub 2018 Jul 31. |
| Background | Ferreira L, Vieira J, Rocha F, Silva P, Cheuczuk F, Caçola P and Chaves R(2020): Percentile curves for Brazilian children evaluated with the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, 2nd edition. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano, 22:e65027. |
| 31703689 | Background | Flensborg-Madsen T, Gronkjaer M, Mortensen EL. Predictors of early life milestones: Results from the Copenhagen Perinatal Cohort. BMC Pediatr. 2019 Nov 9;19(1):420. doi: 10.1186/s12887-019-1778-y. |
| Background | Fraietta L (2018): Standardized assessment tools commonly used in adapted physical education. Theses and Dissertations. Master of Science in Exercise and Sport Science-Physical Education Teaching, Adapted Physical Education Concentration, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse: 126 |
| Background | Gharaei E, Shojaei M and Daneshfar A (2019): The validity and reliability of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, second edition brief form in preschool children. Annals of Applied Sport Science, 7(2):3-12. |
| Background | Haibach-Beach P, Reidn G and Collier D (2011): Motor learning and development. 1st edition. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics |
| Background | Haywood KM and Getchell N (2020): Introduction to motor development. In: Andrew L, Christrine M, Anne E and Patricia L (Eds): Life Span Motor Development. 7th edition. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. pp:4-5. |
| 31065548 | Background | Jirovec J, Musalek M, Mess F. Test of Motor Proficiency Second Edition (BOT-2): Compatibility of the Complete and Short Form and Its Usefulness for Middle-Age School Children. Front Pediatr. 2019 Apr 18;7:153. doi: 10.3389/fped.2019.00153. eCollection 2019. |
| Background | Keenan T, Evan S, and Crowley K (2016): The principles of developmental psychology. In: Block L (ed.): An Introduction to Child Development. 3rd edition. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. pp:8-9. |
| 25328127 | Background | Lane H, Brown T. Convergent validity of two motor skill tests used to assess school-age children. Scand J Occup Ther. 2015 May;22(3):161-72. doi: 10.3109/11038128.2014.969308. Epub 2014 Oct 20. |
| 26620061 | Background | Lipkin PH, Okamoto J; Council on Children with Disabilities; Council on School Health. The Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) for Children With Special Educational Needs. Pediatrics. 2015 Dec;136(6):e1650-62. doi: 10.1542/peds.2015-3409. |
| Background | Lister C and Baard M (2020): Effects of integrated movement programme on motor proficiency, visual-motor integration and scholastic achievement of Grade 1 learners in Nelson Mandela Bay, South Africa. African Journal for Physical Activity and Health Sciences, 26(1): 41-57 |
| Background | Matheia M and Estabillo JA (2018): Assessment of fine and gross motor skills in children. In: Matson JL (ed.): Handbook of Childhood Psychopathology and Developmental Disabilities Assessment. Springer. pp:467-484. |
| Background | McBrien JL, Stewart J, Ezati BA (2016): Positive youth development in war-affected children in Uganda. Contemporary Journal of African Studies,4(1):29-56. |
| Background | McCarty M, Clifton R and Collard R (2001): The beginnings of tool use by infants and toddlers. Infancy, 2(2): 233-256 |
| Background | Misirliyan SS and Huynh AP (2021): Development milestones. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557518/ |
| Background | Noordin H, Suppiah P, Azmi A, Joummy A, Ching P and Isahak N (2019): Gross motor development among 7-9 years old children in Sabah. International Journal of Physiology, Nutrition and Physical Education, 4(1): 501-504. |
| 35607301 | Background | Pajek SV. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Motor Development of Schoolchildren in Rural and Urban Environments. Biomed Res Int. 2022 May 17;2022:8937693. doi: 10.1155/2022/8937693. eCollection 2022. |
| Background | Payne V and Isaacs L (2011): Human motor development: A lifespan approach. 8th edition. NewYork: McGraw Hill. |
| 32292699 | Background | Phillips D, Hennermann JB, Tylki-Szymanska A, Borgwardt L, Gil-Campos M, Guffon N, Amraoui Y, Geraci S, Ardigo D, Cattaneo F, Lund AM. Use of the Bruininks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency (BOT-2) to assess efficacy of velmanase alfa as enzyme therapy for alpha-mannosidosis. Mol Genet Metab Rep. 2020 Apr 8;23:100586. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2020.100586. eCollection 2020 Jun. |
| 34572219 | Background | Radanovic D, Dordevic D, Stankovic M, Pekas D, Bogataj S, Trajkovic N. Test of Motor Proficiency Second Edition (BOT-2) Short Form: A Systematic Review of Studies Conducted in Healthy Children. Children (Basel). 2021 Sep 9;8(9):787. doi: 10.3390/children8090787. |
| Background | Richardson P (2015): Use of standardized tests in pediatric practice. In: Case-smith J and O'Brien J. (eds.): Occupational Therapy for Children and Adolescents. 7th edition. St Louis, MI: Elsevier Mosby. pp:163-189 |
| 10620381 | Background | Ryan RM, Deci EL. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions. Contemp Educ Psychol. 2000 Jan;25(1):54-67. doi: 10.1006/ceps.1999.1020. |
| 26729779 | Background | Scharf RJ, Scharf GJ, Stroustrup A. Developmental Milestones. Pediatr Rev. 2016 Jan;37(1):25-37; quiz 38, 47. doi: 10.1542/pir.2014-0103. |
| 21330102 | Background | Schulz J, Henderson SE, Sugden DA, Barnett AL. Structural validity of the Movement ABC-2 test: factor structure comparisons across three age groups. Res Dev Disabil. 2011 Jul-Aug;32(4):1361-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2011.01.032. Epub 2011 Feb 16. |
| 21402576 | Background | Sharma A. Developmental examination: birth to 5 years. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2011 Oct;96(5):162-75. doi: 10.1136/adc.2009.175901. Epub 2011 Mar 13. |
| 26626001 | Background | de Souza JM, Verissimo Mde L. Child development: analysis of a new concept. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2015 Nov-Dec;23(6):1097-104. doi: 10.1590/0104-1169.0462.2654. |
| 17107442 | Background | Spencer JP, Clearfield M, Corbetta D, Ulrich B, Buchanan P, Schoner G. Moving toward a grand theory of development: in memory of Esther Thelen. Child Dev. 2006 Nov-Dec;77(6):1521-38. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00955.x. |
| Background | Tamplain P, Webster EK, Brian A and Valentini NC (2020): Assessment of motor development in childhood: Contemporary issues, considerations, and future directions. Journal of Motor Learning and Development, 8(2):391-409 |
| 8865616 | Background | Thelen E, Corbetta D, Spencer JP. Development of reaching during the first year: role of movement speed. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 1996 Oct;22(5):1059-76. doi: 10.1037//0096-1523.22.5.1059. |
| 8404257 | Background | Thelen E, Corbetta D, Kamm K, Spencer JP, Schneider K, Zernicke RF. The transition to reaching: mapping intention and intrinsic dynamics. Child Dev. 1993 Aug;64(4):1058-98. |
| 22699252 | Background | Wang HY, Long IM, Liu MF. Relationships between task-oriented postural control and motor ability in children and adolescents with Down syndrome. Res Dev Disabil. 2012 Nov-Dec;33(6):1792-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2012.05.002. Epub 2012 Jun 13. |
| 19181480 | Background | Wuang YP, Su CY. Reliability and responsiveness of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-Second Edition in children with intellectual disability. Res Dev Disabil. 2009 Sep-Oct;30(5):847-55. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2008.12.002. Epub 2009 Jan 31. |
| 21988314 | Background | Wuang YP, Su CY, Huang MH. Psychometric comparisons of three measures for assessing motor functions in preschoolers with intellectual disabilities. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2012 Jun;56(6):567-78. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01491.x. Epub 2011 Oct 12. |