Nurse-administered blood transfusion (BT) is a common form of medical treatment, but nursing students are often excluded from participating in and observing BTs during clinical placements. To address clinical placement limitations, nursing educators have increasingly adopted technology-guided simulation pedagogies, including virtual reality (VR) simulation, for nursing students' clinical skills education.

Inclusion Criteria:

• All undergraduate nursing students enrolled in the 'Nursing of Adults' course in a pre-licensure program at a Hong Kong university.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Students who had vision impairment to watch VR videos;
• Students who had neck pain/ injury to move their head, or open wound to wear the VR headset;
• Students who experienced nausea and dizziness when watching VR videos;
• Students who had epileptic symptoms