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The purpose of our study is to examine the effects of a 4-week vinyasa yoga program on sleep-related and cardiovascular outcomes in adults with insomnia symptoms. This study will examine the following aims:
To examine the effects of a 4-week vinyasa yoga program compared to a non-active control condition on subjective and objective sleep-related outcomes in adults who report insomnia symptoms.
To examine the effects of a 4-week vinyasa yoga program compared to a non-active control on cardiovascular health.
To examine the effects of a single session of vinyasa yoga compared to a non-active control condition on sleep- and cardiovascular-related outcomes collected overnight.
Researchers will compare the yoga group and the non-active control group to see if there are any improvements in sleep and cardiovascular health.
This study will examine the effects of a 4-week vinyasa yoga program on sleep-related and cardiovascular outcomes using a randomized parallel group design. Following baseline assessments, participants will be randomly assigned into one of the two experimental conditions (i.e., vinyasa yoga, non-active control condition) based on stratification by sex (i.e., male, female) in a 1:1 ratio.
All groups will complete an initial in-person experimental session during the early evening: those in the vinyasa yoga group will be guided through a supervised vinyasa yoga session and those in the non-active control group will complete a quiet rest session. Participants will be provided an Actiwatch and heart rate monitor to measure acute experimental effects on sleep and nocturnal heart rate variability.
Following the initial supervised session, those in the vinyasa yoga intervention will be provided with a yoga mat and a standardized video and asked to practice 3 times per week for 4 weeks; compliance will be monitored by an online log. The non-active control group will not receive any yoga intervention and will be asked to avoid starting a new exercise routine.
Following the 4-week intervention, all participants will complete post-intervention sleep and cardiovascular assessments following the same procedures used at baseline.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vinyasa yoga group | Experimental | The vinyasa yoga practice will be 60 minutes in duration and includes standing, seated, and supine postures in the following sequences in order: integration, sun salutations, crescent lunge series, balancing, standing, back bending, and restorative series. Participants will be instructed to follow the cues provided in the video and to take any necessary modifications to make each yoga pose more accessible. Vinyasa yoga intervention level 1 will be performed for week 1, level 2 will be performed for week 2, and level 3 will be performed for weeks 3 and 4 of the intervention. |
|
| Non-active control group | Other | The participants in the non-active control condition will serve as a control group. They will be asked to maintain their current lifestyle habits and refrain from starting a new exercise and/or yoga program. A staff member will contact each participant weekly to check in and review any changes to their medical history or activity levels. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vinyasa yoga group | Behavioral | Participants will be instructed to perform a pre-recorded 60-minute vinyasa yoga session 3 times a week for 4 weeks. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Insomnia Severity Index | Insomnia Severity Index is a 7-item self-report questionnaire that assesses the severity of the nighttime and daytime impact of insomnia symptoms. Each question is rated on a 5-point Likert scale, with a score of 0 indicating 'no problem' and 4 indicating 'very severe'. The total score is obtained by summing the scores of the individual items ranging from 0 to 28; a higher score indicates more severe insomnia symptoms. | Baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks) |
| Change in nocturnal root mean square of successive difference between normal heartbeats (RMSSD) | Nocturnal root mean square of successive difference between normal heartbeats will be assessed for 1 night with a Polar heart rate monitor strap; an increase indicates better cardiovascular health | Baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change from baseline sleep efficiency at 4 weeks | Actigraphy-assessed sleep efficiency, averaged over 7 nights | Baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks) |
| Change from baseline total sleep time at 4 weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Sleep efficiency | Mean actigraphy-assessed sleep efficiency will be immediately assessed after the initial session of the intervention for 1 night | Immediately after first intervention session (1 night) |
| Total sleep time |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Caitlin A. Cheruka, MS | University of Pittsburgh | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Pittsburgh | Pittsburgh | Pennsylvania | 15260 | United States |
Individual deidentified data that are relevant to the primary aims of the study will be provided by external researchers along with a relevant data dictionary.
Beginning 1 year following peer-reviewed publication of research questions outlined in the specific aims and ending 5 years following publication of study results
Data access will be provided to external researchers who provide a methodologically sound proposal for secondary data analysis that is approved by the investigators of the study. Proposals should be directed to the study PI.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D007319 | Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders |
| D012893 | Sleep Wake Disorders |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D020919 | Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic |
| D020920 | Dyssomnias |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
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The research staff conducting the outcome assessments will be blinded to the participant intervention group assignment.
| Non-active control group | Other | Participants will be instructed to sit quietly for 60 minutes and watch a nature documentary during this time. The participants will be asked to maintain their current lifestyle habits and refrain from starting a new exercise and/or yoga program. |
|
Actigraphy-assessed total sleep time, averaged over 7 nights
| Baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks) |
| Change from baseline resting systolic blood pressure at 4 weeks | Resting systolic blood pressure will be measured using an automated blood pressure system in the seated position | Baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks) |
| Change from baseline resting heart rate at 4 weeks | Resting heart rate will be measured using a automated blood pressure system in the seated position | Baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks) |
| Change from baseline resting carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity | Pulse wave velocity is a measure of arterial stiffness | Baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks) |
| Change from baseline quality of sleep | Sleep quality will be assessed using a sleep diary on a scale of 'very poor' to 'very good' | Baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks) |
| Change from baseline in Epworth Sleepiness Scale | Daytime sleepiness will be measured using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). It is a brief 8-item questionnaire asking individuals to rate the likelihood of falling asleep on a 4-point scale (0 indicating 'would never doze off' and '3' indicating 'high chance of dozing') across eight situations that occur in daily life. The scores are summed for a total score that ranges from 0-24; a score ≥ 10 indicating clinically significant daytime sleepiness. | Baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks) |
| Change from baseline in Ford Insomnia Response to Stress Test | Sleep reactivity, the stress-related vulnerability to experience sleep disturbances under stressful conditions will be measured by the Ford Insomnia Response to Stress Test; higher scores are associated with more sleep difficulties and elevated physiological stress. | Baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks) |
| Change from baseline in Patient Health Questionnaire | Depression severity will be measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire which assess depressive symptoms over the past two weeks; a score > 10 indicates moderate severity depression symptoms. | Baseline, post-intervention ( 4 weeks) |
| Change from baseline in Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Questionnaire | Anxiety severity will be measured using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire which assess symptoms over the past two weeks; a score ≥ 10 detects generalized anxiety disorder. | Baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks) |
Mean actigraphy-assessed total sleep time will be immediately assessed after the initial session of the intervention
| Immediately after first intervention session (1 night) |
| Nocturnal root mean square of successive difference between normal heartbeats | Nocturnal root mean square of successive difference between normal heartbeats will be assessed immediately after the first intervention session for 1 night; an increase value indicates better cardiovascular health | Immediately after first intervention session (1 night) |
| Change in acute anxiety symptoms | Acute anxiety symptoms will be measured using the State-Trait Inventory 20-item pre- and post-initial first intervention session | pre- and post-initial intervention session |
| Change in mood | Acute changes in mood will be measured using the Profile of Mood States brief form. This will assess the feelings of tension, depressed mood, energy, fatigue, and total mood disturbances based on how the participant feels right now using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0 "not at all" to 4 "extremely | pre- and post-initial intervention session |
| Change in percent body composition | Body composition will be measured using the bio-electrical impedance; a decrease in percentage indicates improved body composition | baseline, post-intervention (4 weeks) |
| D009461 |
| Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D001519 | Behavior |