Effects of Nordic Walking in Water on Cerebrovascular Function and Cognitive Impairment in Elderly With Type 2 Diabetes

Effects of Nordic Walking in Water on Cerebrovascular Function and Cognitive Impairment in Elderly With Type 2 Diabetes

Nordic walking in water would more advantage than normal daily life in cerebrovascular function and cognitive function in elderly with type 2 diabetes.

Inclusion Criteria:

• The inclusion criteria included type 2 diabetes (as defined by the American Diabetes Association), a baseline glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) value of 7-9%, and no previous exercise training in the past 6 months. All participants were free from diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, severe diabetic neurophathy, severe cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
• Participants had Montreal Cognitive Assessment - Thai (MoCa-T) scores between 18 24 points.
• Participants had time up & go test between 8 - 15 seconds

Exclusion Criteria:

• Participants were excluded if they dropped out or completed less than 80% of the training schedule