A Comparison of the Effect of Warm and Cold Water Exercise Training on Vascular Function in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

A Comparison of the Effect of Warm and Cold Water Exercise Training on Vascular Function in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Warm water based cycling exercise training would more favorable than cold water based cycling exercise training and land based cycling exercise in vascular function in type 2 diabetic patients.

Inclusion Criteria:

• The inclusion criteria included type 2 diabetes (as defined by the American Diabetes Association), a baseline glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) value of 7-9%, and no previous exercise training in the past 6 months. All participants were free from diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, severe diabetic neurophathy, severe cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Participants were excluded if they dropped out or completed less than 80% of the training schedule.