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Long COVID is defined by the persistence or emergence of symptoms for more than 4 weeks beyond the acute phase of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. As the number of cases increases and various strains of SARS-CoV-2 emerge, so does the number of long COVID cases. Various multi-organ complications after COVID-19 infection include respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary, metabolic, and neuropsychiatric disorders. The symptoms and characteristics of Long COVID vary in each country.
Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 has been documented to increase clinical resolution of Long COVID. In Indonesia, current full-dose vaccination coverage had merely reached 15.6% of the national vaccination target. This condition can be predictably associated with a longer duration and higher severity of symptoms in Long COVID patients.
The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the symptoms and characteristics and determine whether vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 could improve clinical outcomes and quality of life of Long COVID patients at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital.
The study is a prospective cohort study designed to assess whether vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 could reduce the severity and duration of Long COVID, resulting in changes in quality of life in Long-COVID patients. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Universitas Indonesia and informed consent was obtained before enrollment for patients eligible for this study. Allocation of participants to each group was done via vaccination status data collected before enrollment in this study.
Baseline participant characteristics were collected before enrollment, including age, sex, body mass index, alcohol and smoking consumption, comorbidities, documented vaccination status, detailed history of laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, Long COVID symptoms, severity, and duration. The Six-Minute Walking Test (6MWT) was performed according to the guidelines of the American Thoracic Society (ATS) to assess functional exercise capacity in each patient, followed by a quality of life assessment using the St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and the Short Form (SF)-36 Health Survey questionnaire.
The primary outcomes of this study were long-COVID patients' characteristics, symptom phenotype, and changes in quality of life. The investigators anticipated a change in quality of life difference of 20%, with statistical power of 80% and a level of significance of 0.05. The total required sample size was 192 participants. In anticipation of participant drop-out, the investigators planned to recruit a total of 250 participants.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Patients who have not received vaccination for COVID-19 | This group includes patients who refused or contraindicated to receive vaccination for COVID-19. | ||
| Patients who had received first dose of vaccination for COVID-19 | Regardless of the type of COVID-19 vaccine used (received before or after laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection). |
| |
| Patients who had received second dose vaccination for COVID-19 | Regardless of the type of COVID-19 vaccine used, using same type of vaccine as the first dose (received before and/or after laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection). |
| |
| Patients who had received third dose/booster vaccination for COVID-19 | Complete cycle of vaccination using same type of vaccine for the first and second dose and a same/different type for the third dose/booster (received before and/or after laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection). |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| COVID-19 Vaccine | Biological | Mandatory COVID-19 vaccination as part of the the Indonesian national government program. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Long COVID symptoms phenotype | Wide range of symptoms associated with Long COVID in which people have persistent or emerging symptoms > 4 weeks after an initial SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study symptoms will be reported and analyzed by both symptom clusters and individual symptoms. | Up to 6 months |
| Change in quality of life (QoL), self-assessed using the St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) | SGRQ addresses QoL in the domains of symptoms, activity, impacts within last 4 weeks. Symptoms, activity, impacts and total score are calculated to summarises the impacts of the disease on overall health status. Total score ranges from 100 (worst possible health status) to 0 (best possible health status). | Baseline, 3 and 6 months |
| Change in quality of life (QoL), self-assessed using the Short Form (SF)-36 Health Survey questionnaire | SF-36 Health Survey questionnaire addresses QoL in the domains of vitality, physical functioning, bodily pain, general health perceptions, physical and emotional and social role functioning. The final score ranges from 0 (worse health status) to 100 (better health status). | Baseline, 3 and 6 months |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in functional exercise capacity, objectively measured using Six-Minute Walking Test (6MWT) | Performed according to the guidelines of American Thoracic Society (ATS) 6MWT evaluates the global and integrated responses of all the systems involved during exercise, including the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems, systemic circulation, peripheral circulation, blood, neuromuscular units, and muscle metabolism. During the 6MWT, such data are collected:
|
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Long COVID-19 patients received outpatient/inpatient care from Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital during the COVID-19 infection anytime before enrollment in this study.
| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andry Setiadharma, MD | Contact | +6285714519367 | andrysetiadharma@gmail.com | |
| Ni N Indira | Contact | +6281390705913 |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Eric D Tenda, MD, DIC, PhD | Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia - Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Respirology and Critical Care Medicine Division, Departement of Internal Medicine, Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital | Recruiting | Jakarta Pusat | DKI Jakarta | 10430 | Indonesia |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 33753937 | Background | Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A, Madhavan MV, McGroder C, Stevens JS, Cook JR, Nordvig AS, Shalev D, Sehrawat TS, Ahluwalia N, Bikdeli B, Dietz D, Der-Nigoghossian C, Liyanage-Don N, Rosner GF, Bernstein EJ, Mohan S, Beckley AA, Seres DS, Choueiri TK, Uriel N, Ausiello JC, Accili D, Freedberg DE, Baldwin M, Schwartz A, Brodie D, Garcia CK, Elkind MSV, Connors JM, Bilezikian JP, Landry DW, Wan EY. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med. 2021 Apr;27(4):601-615. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01283-z. Epub 2021 Mar 22. | |
| 33175566 |
| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) - Dashboard | View source |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP_ICF | Yes | Yes | Yes | Study Protocol, Statistical Analysis Plan, and Informed Consent Form | Aug 24, 2021 | Sep 29, 2022 | Prot_SAP_ICF_000.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000086382 | COVID-19 |
| D000094024 | Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011024 | Pneumonia, Viral |
| D011014 | Pneumonia |
| D012141 | Respiratory Tract Infections |
| D007239 | Infections |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000086663 | COVID-19 Vaccines |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D014765 | Viral Vaccines |
| D014612 | Vaccines |
| D001688 | Biological Products |
| D045424 | Complex Mixtures |
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| Baseline, 3 and 6 months |
| Change in symptoms severity | Subjectively measured using online self-assessed symptoms follow-up questionnaire, disease severity is measured using ordinal scale, with 11 steps ranging from 0 (no symptoms) to 10 (Very severe). The change in symptom severity will be described by whether participants report that symptoms have become more severe, less severe, or did not change severity. | Baseline, 3 and 6 months |
| Change in symptoms frequency | Subjectively measured using online self-assessed symptoms follow-up questionnaire, symptom frequency is measured using ordinal scale, with 11 steps ranging from 0 (no symptoms) to 10 (All time). The study outcome will be reported by both symptom clusters and individual symptoms. The change in symptom frequency will be described by whether participants report that symptoms have become more frequent, less frequent, or did not change. | Baseline, 3 and 6 months |
| Background |
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| Long COVID: the NHS plan for 2021/22 | View source |
| D014777 |
| Virus Diseases |
| D018352 | Coronavirus Infections |
| D003333 | Coronaviridae Infections |
| D030341 | Nidovirales Infections |
| D012327 | RNA Virus Infections |
| D008171 | Lung Diseases |
| D012140 | Respiratory Tract Diseases |
| D000094025 | Post-Infectious Disorders |
| D002908 | Chronic Disease |
| D020969 | Disease Attributes |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |