Echocardiographic assessment of the endurance athletes' heart remains challenging due to a phenotypic overlap between reactive physiological adaptation and pathological remodelling. The lower range of normal values of lLeft ventricle systolic ejection fraction (LVEF) and global longitudinal strain (GLS) in athletes makes it difficult to differentiate changes related to adaptive remodelling or indicative of early cardiomyopathy.

This study aims to improve the assessment of athletes' hearts by identifying echocardiographic phenotypes, using a speckle tracking including temporal deformation pattern and layer-specific approach, and to define predictive factors of subtle LV systolic dysfunction and of mechanical LV abnormalities.

Healthy male athletes belonging to local clubs, who underwent a pre-participation medical evaluation at the University Hospital of Nancy between 2013 and 2020, will be screened. Clinical, echocardiographic and cardiopulmonary exercise testing data will be compared to a group of healthy men from the STANISLAS cohort. Subtle LV dysfunction will be defined by a GLS <17.5%.

Inclusion Criteria:

- athletes who underwent a pre-participation medical evaluation in the Nancy University Hospital between January 1st, 2013, and January 1st, 2020

Exclusion Criteria:

• female athletes,
• athletes followed for cardiomyopathy
• athletes who did not have transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) performed.

Cross-sectional study, using data from young high-performance athletes referred to the cardiologic department of Nancy University Hospital for a pre-participation medical evaluation.

All of the individual participant data collected during the trial, after deidentification.

Immediately following publication. No end date.

Researchers who provide a methodologically sound proposal.To achieve aims in the approved proposal. Proposals should be directed to n.pace@chru-nancy.fr.