Professional and amateur athletes examined during the medical follow-up at the medical sport centre of Caen University Hospital.

The medical examination consists in a clinical exam, an electrocardiogram and an echocardiography.

Sedentary patients assessed in the cardiology unit with a normal heart function.

The medical examination consists in a clinical exam, an electrocardiogram and an echocardiography.

We retrieved all electrocardiograms and echocardiography made during the clinical examination of each athlete and each sedentary control.

• Standard 12 lead ECG
• Trans-thoracic echocardiography examination of cardiac function, morphology and intracardiac flow.

1. 2D- morphological and functional parameters of both left and right ventricles:

   • end-diastolic and end-systolic dimensions (cm)
   • left ventricular mass (g)
   • ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic areas (cm²)
   • ventricular ejection fraction (%)
   • atrial volumes (ml)
   • diastolic indices by pulsed wave Doppler and tissue Doppler (cm/s)
   • myocardial deformation by speckle tracking (%)

2. 3D- morphological and functional parameters of both left and right ventricles:

   • ventricular full volumes (ml)
   • ejection fraction (%)

3. Intracardiac flow measurements by color Doppler M-mode:

estimation of intra ventricular pressure gradients between the base and the apex (mmHg).

• heart rate (bpm),
• ventricular hypertrophy (mV)
• atrial remodeling (mV)