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Thyroid gland and its hormones play an important role in organ development and the homeostatic control of many physiological mechanisms such as body growth and energy expenditure. The two main thyroid hormones are triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) affect renal development and metabolism so any impairment in thyroid functions lead to or aggravate kidney diseases.
On the other hand, kidneys play an important role in the thyroid metabolism as it normally contributes to the clearance of iodide, primarily by glomerular filtration. Among patients with renal failure, there is diminished iodide excretion and an increase in plasma inorganic iodide, which results in increased uptake of the iodide by the thyroid gland. Increases in total body inorganic iodide can potentially block thyroid hormone production (the Wolff-Chaik off effect). Such a change may explain the slightly higher frequency of goiter and hypothyroidism in patients with chronic kidney diseases.
The kidneys affect the hypothalamic pituitary-thyroid axis, so any impairment in kidney functions leads to disturbed thyroid physiology. All levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis may be involved, including alterations in hormone production, distribution, and excretion.
End stage renal disease (ESRD) and hemodialysis (HD) affect the levels of all thyroid hormones. The earliest and the most common thyroid function abnormality in patients with ESRD on HD is low T3 level (especially total T3 than free T3). This is called 'low T3 syndrome. The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism has been reported to be much higher in patients with ESRD on HD than in the general population.
Due to similarity of signs and symptoms, sometimes it is difficult to identify subjects with ESRD also has hypothyroidism; therefore, different studies have been carried out to establish the incidence of these conditions.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| pediatric group | Experimental |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| thyroid function tests | Diagnostic Test | Thyroid function tests:thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine (T4), free thyroxine (FT4), total triiodothyronine (T3), and free triiodothyronine (FT3) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Detection of thyroid function in hemodialysis childern | Detection of decrease thyroid function(T3_T4_TSH) in hemodialysis childern Detection of increase thyroid function(T3_T4_TSH) in hemodialysis childern | 6 months |
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Exclusion Criteria:
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| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 31013508 | Background | Pan B, Du X, Zhang H, Hua X, Wan X, Cao C. Relationships of Chronic Kidney Disease and Thyroid Dysfunction in Non-Dialysis Patients: A Pilot Study. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2019;44(2):170-178. doi: 10.1159/000499201. Epub 2019 Apr 23. | |
| 30152421 | Background | Naseem F, Mannan A, Dhrolia MF, Imtiaz S, Qureshi R, Ahmed A. Prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in patients with chronic kidney disease on maintenance hemodialysis. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2018 Jul-Aug;29(4):846-851. doi: 10.4103/1319-2442.239646. |
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| Type | Date | Date Unknown |
|---|---|---|
| Release | Jul 7, 2024 | |
| Reset | Oct 10, 2024 |
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| complete blood count | Diagnostic Test | complete blood count |
|
| serum creatinine | Diagnostic Test | serum creatinine |
|
| blood urea | Diagnostic Test | blood urea |
|
| serum electrolyte | Diagnostic Test | serum electrolyte |
|
| serum calcium | Diagnostic Test | serum calcium |
|
| serum phosphorus | Diagnostic Test | serum phosphorus |
|
| parathyroid hormone level | Diagnostic Test | parathyroid hormone level |
|
| liver function test | Diagnostic Test | ALT_AST_Total biliruin_total protein _serum albumin |
|
| arterial blood gases | Diagnostic Test | PH_PCO2_PO2_HCO3_base deficit |
|
| complete urine analysis | Diagnostic Test | complete urine analysis |
|
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| Release Date | Unrelease Date | Unrelease Date Unknown | Reset Date | MCP Release Number |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jul 7, 2024 | Oct 10, 2024 |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D007676 | Kidney Failure, Chronic |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D051436 | Renal Insufficiency, Chronic |
| D051437 | Renal Insufficiency |
| D007674 | Kidney Diseases |
| D014570 | Urologic Diseases |
| D052776 | Female Urogenital Diseases |
| D005261 | Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications |
| D000091642 | Urogenital Diseases |
| D052801 | Male Urogenital Diseases |
| D002908 | Chronic Disease |
| D020969 | Disease Attributes |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013960 | Thyroid Function Tests |
| D001772 | Blood Cell Count |
| D001806 | Blood Urea Nitrogen |
| D008111 | Liver Function Tests |
| D001784 | Blood Gas Analysis |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003940 | Diagnostic Techniques, Endocrine |
| D019937 | Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures |
| D003933 | Diagnosis |
| D002452 | Cell Count |
| D003584 | Cytological Techniques |
| D019411 | Clinical Laboratory Techniques |
| D006403 | Hematologic Tests |
| D008919 | Investigative Techniques |
| D002468 | Cell Physiological Phenomena |
| D001790 | Blood Physiological Phenomena |
| D002943 | Circulatory and Respiratory Physiological Phenomena |
| D001774 | Blood Chemical Analysis |
| D019963 | Clinical Chemistry Tests |
| D007677 | Kidney Function Tests |
| D003950 | Diagnostic Techniques, Urological |
| D003938 | Diagnostic Techniques, Digestive System |
| D012129 | Respiratory Function Tests |
| D003948 | Diagnostic Techniques, Respiratory System |
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