The study aims to develop and validate predictive models for the mortality of patients receiving CIED (including CRT and ICD) implantation.

The study aims to develop and validate predictive models for the mortality of patients receiving cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIED) [including cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) and implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)] implantation, with traditional statistical analysis and machine learning algorithms.

Inclusion Criteria:

• all patients who received implantation of CRT/ICD

Exclusion Criteria:

• patients who received generator placement of CRT/ICD

The patients who received CRT/ICD implantation for heart failure or high risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD).