record fast ripples with novel intracranial electrodes with micro-tetrodes to improve the identification of epileptogenic zone (EZ) and investigate the neuronal circuits underlying brain dynamics associated with epilepsy

This study would improve the localization of the epileptogenic zone and reduce the overall duration of monitoring, especially in patients who do not experience a sufficient number of seizures during the implantation period. In addition, it would be possible to use micro-electrodes and propose a better surgical treatment to some patients whose preliminary assessment with macro-electrodes has not provided significant results. Finally, the data collected during this study will help us to further understand pathological brain activity and to describe the neuronal circuitry that gives rise to cortical signals and the relationships between them (from spindles to high frequency oscillations).

Inclusion Criteria:

• inclusion criteria is determined based on the clinical diagnosis of the refractory epilepsy and the admissibility of the patient for the stereoelectroencephalography (sEEG) procedure

Exclusion Criteria:

• severe psychiatric disorders,
• severe agitation during their crisis
• contraindication for performing an MRI: claustrophobia, a cardiac or neural stimulator, ferromagnetic surgical clips, cochlear implants, intraocular metallic foreign body or in the nervous system,
• contraindication to intracerebral investigation (macro-electrodes): ongoing infection, severe associated pathology (cardiac, pulmonary, renal, hepatic), pregnant or nursing women,
• anti thrombotic ongoing treatment.