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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa | OTHER |
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In this study, the effects of kettlebell exercise training on functional capacity, dyspnea and activities of daily living in patients diagnosed with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) will be investigated.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kettlebell Exercise | Experimental | 8-week, 3-day/week supervised training will be applied to the participants in this group. After the initial assessment, patients in this group will receive a one-session education on the pathophysiology of PAH, the benefits of physical activity, and energy conservation techniques during activities of daily living. Pharmacological treatment of patients in this group will be continued. |
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| Control | No Intervention | Any intervention will not be performed. After the initial assessment, patients in this group will receive a one-session education on the pathophysiology of PAH, the benefits of physical activity, and energy conservation techniques during activities of daily living. Pharmacological treatment of patients in this group will be continued. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kettlebell Exercise | Other | The exercise training plan for this group consists of 4 stages. Each stage lasts 2 weeks and consist of 5 kettlebell (KB) exercises. These exercises will continue from basic (single movement training) to advanced (comprehensive movement training) and is geared towards functional training. Participants will perform 2 sets of 12 repetitions of each exercise. Each training session is planned to last 45 minutes. The following exercises will be used in KB training: biceps curl, triceps extension, kettlebell swing (two-handed), kettlebell dead lift, kettlebell goblet squat, suitcase carry, waiter carry, bottoms up carry, farmer's walk, overhead carry, lunge, kettlebell row. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Task related oxygen uptake | Cardiopulmonary data will be evaluated with mobile cardiopulmonary exercise test during daily activities. Participants will perform the following activities with mobile cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET): putting on socks on both feet (sitting on a chair), putting on both shoes (sitting on a chair), putting on a coat (while standing), lifting material (placing 6 jars -each 400 gram- at chest-level height), sweeping the floor for 4 minutes, washing dishes for 4 minutes, go up and down stairs - 1 floor. There will be a 5 minute rest between all activities. | 8 weeks |
| Functional capacity | The 6-minute walk test will be performed. | 8 weeks |
| Peripheral muscle strength | Isometric muscle strength will be measured with a handheld dynamometer for elbow flexion, knee extension, knee flexion, shoulder flexion, shoulder abduction, hip flexion and m.serratus anterior. | 8 weeks |
| Handgrip strength | Hand grip strength will be measured with a digital hand dynamometer. | 8 weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Activity status | This outcome will be assessed with the Duke Activity Status Index. As a result of scoring, a total score ranging from 0 to 58.2 is obtained. Higher scores indicate higher functional capacity. | 8 weeks |
| Health-related quality of life |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Rengin Demir, PhD, PT | Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa, Institute of Cardiology | Istanbul | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 30243898 | Background | Chen HT, Wu HJ, Chen YJ, Ho SY, Chung YC. Effects of 8-week kettlebell training on body composition, muscle strength, pulmonary function, and chronic low-grade inflammation in elderly women with sarcopenia. Exp Gerontol. 2018 Oct 2;112:112-118. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.09.015. Epub 2018 Sep 20. | |
| 21210281 | Background |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000081029 | Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D006976 | Hypertension, Pulmonary |
| D008171 | Lung Diseases |
| D012140 | Respiratory Tract Diseases |
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This outcome will be assessed with the emPHasis-10. emPHasis-10 consists of 10 items and results in a score out of 50, where a higher score represents a higher symptom burden.
| 8 weeks |
| Activities of daily living | This outcome will be assessed with the London Chest Activity of Daily Living Scale. It is a questionnaire consisting of fifteen items. Each item is given a score ranging from 0 to 5. Higher scores indicate greater limitation in activities of daily living. The total score can reach a maximum of 75 | 8 weeks |
| Sleep quality | This outcome will be assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The questionnaire consists of 19 individual items. Each item is given a score ranging from 0 to 3, providing an overall score ranging from 0 to 21, where lower scores denote a healthier sleep quality. | 8 weeks |
| Spruit MA, Wouters EF, Eterman RM, Meijer K, Wagers SS, Stakenborg KH, Uszko-Lencer NH. Task-related oxygen uptake and symptoms during activities of daily life in CHF patients and healthy subjects. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011 Aug;111(8):1679-86. doi: 10.1007/s00421-010-1794-y. Epub 2011 Jan 6. |
| 33201750 | Background | Mapelli M, Salvioni E, Bonomi A, Gugliandolo P, De Martino F, Vignati C, Berna G, Agostoni P. How Patients With Heart Failure Perform Daily Life Activities: An Innate Energy-Saving Strategy. Circ Heart Fail. 2020 Nov;13(11):e007503. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.120.007503. Epub 2020 Nov 17. |
| 16982941 | Background | Mereles D, Ehlken N, Kreuscher S, Ghofrani S, Hoeper MM, Halank M, Meyer FJ, Karger G, Buss J, Juenger J, Holzapfel N, Opitz C, Winkler J, Herth FF, Wilkens H, Katus HA, Olschewski H, Grunig E. Exercise and respiratory training improve exercise capacity and quality of life in patients with severe chronic pulmonary hypertension. Circulation. 2006 Oct 3;114(14):1482-9. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.618397. Epub 2006 Sep 18. |
| 41005681 | Derived | Merc P, Demi̇r R, Zeren M, Si̇nan UY, Deni̇z MF, Engi̇n K, Kucukoglu MS. Effects of kettlebell exercise training on functional capacity and metabolic costs of activities of daily living in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension: A randomized controlled trial. Respir Med. 2025 Nov;248:108371. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2025.108371. Epub 2025 Sep 24. |