This study is designed to evaluate complications, specificity, diagnostic yield of radial endobronchial ultrasound guided transbronchial cryobiopsy and transbronchial forceps biopsy with fluoroscopy in the diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary lesion; the interplay between non-small-cell lung cancer associated-bacteria along the gut-lung axis and immune response in the cancer microenvironment.

Inclusion Criteria:

• patients with peripheral lung lesion suspected of lung cancer detected on the chest computed tomography (CT) and RP-EBUS scans
• Control group - patients without non-small cell lung cancer
• Written (signed) Informed Consent to participate in the study

Exclusion Criteria:

• severe hypoxemia (partial pressure of oxygen (pO2)< 60 mmHg) or hypercapnia (carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2)> 50 mmHg),
• bleeding disorders
• The diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCOc)< 35 %,
• forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) < 800 ml or FEV 1 < 30 %,
• peripheral lung tumor was not visualised by RP-EBUS longer than 30 minutes
• large vessels (more than 3 mm) near the tumor on the CT scan,
• technically difficult to introduce cryoprobe and/or endobronchial blocker to current bronchi segment or subsegment,
• excessive bleeding after transbronchial forceps biopsy, which was needed extra intervention to stop bleeding.