The subject is to study the lung microbiota and the one of upper airways (UAs) (much less studied than the intestinal microbiota) in 40 patients having lung cancer. 20 patients undergo only surgical treatment, while other half receives also chemotherapy. The idea is to explore changes in microbiota of the lung, upper UAs and intestine, and potentially find associations between them. These results will serve us as a base for the future study, focused on manipulation of the microbiota by prebiotics, probiotics or symbiotics and its effect on anti-cancer treatment tolerance and effectiveness.

Lung cancer patients will be divided in two groups, a first one with patients undergoing both chemotherapy and surgery (Pct-chir), and the second one with patients only undergoing surgery (Pchir). Following inclusion, they will be given a 7-days alimentary survey, along with blood and saliva sampling (after buccodental examination and dental panoramic). The Pct-chir group will repeat the same procedure after the chemotherapy and before the surgery.

Day before the surgery, patients are asked to bring their faecal samples (in special box provided in advance) and the filled survey. During the operation the piece of lung tissue as well as the tumour (if the size enables it) will be sampled for further analysis. Lavage will be performed on the lung immediately after its resection.

Saliva, faecal sample, lung and tumour tissue, and lavage will be used for bacterial DNA extraction, followed by qPCR and sequencing analysis.

Lavage and blood samples will be analysed by flow cytometry and ELISA, to establish the immunological profile (interleukines, cell surface markers).

Inclusion Criteria:

• non small cell lung carcinoma patient suitable for surgery, or chemotherapy followed by surgery
• BMI <29.9 kg/m²
• not taking antibiotics, corticosteroids and/or immunosuppressants at least during two months before inclusion
• not taking prebiotics, probiotics or symbiotics at least during two months before inclusion
• signing the written consent before enrollment in the study
• affiliation to the national health insurance (or system alike) according to the law from 9th August 2004

Exclusion Criteria:

• cognitive difficulties
• refusal of participation or inability to give a clear consent
• digestive or pulmonary infection of a long duration during the two months preceding the study (with antibiotic treatment)
• inflammatory digestive pathology
• concurrent treatment with experimental medication, participation in another clinical therapeutic study within 30 days
• presence of colostomy, total or partial gastrectomy
• previous esophageal surgery
• previous ORL (otho-rhino-laryngo) cancer treated by radiotherapy or surgery
• patient enable to follow the requirements of the study
• patient deprived of his rights by administrative or judicial decision