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Oral ATP disodium (adenosine 5'- triphosphate disodium) is a commercially available product available alone and as a constituent in a number of sports supplements that is purported to maintain ATP levels and improve performance during high-intensity exercise. Acute deficits in cognitive performance have also been reported in both young adults and children following high-intensity exercise; however, the effects of supplemental ATP on cognitive performance has not been studied.
Goals:
Oral ATP disodium (adenosine 5'- triphosphate disodium) is a commercially available product available alone and as a constituent in a number of sports supplements that is purported to maintain ATP levels during high-intensity exercise. Initial studies providing oral enteric coated ATP disodium displayed no apparent efficacy toward enhancing ATP levels, and subsequent research questioned the bioavailability of enteric coated ATP following oral administration (1,2). However, a recent study demonstrated that ingestion of 400mg uncoated ATP disodium for 15 days prevented decreases in ATP, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) in the bloodstream for up to 30 minutes following high-intensity exercise when compared to placebo (3). Consistent with this, when oral ATP was administered in the form of non-coated ATP disodium, beneficial effects including reduced fatigue (3), improved strength, power, and body composition (5), and enhanced recovery (6) were observed.
Acute deficits in cognitive performance have also been reported in both young adults (6) and children (7) following high-intensity exercise. Cerebral activity is coupled to ATP metabolism, where energy flux is tightly correlated with energy demand (8). Thus, inadequate availability of metabolic resources may lead to acute or long-term cognitive impairments (9) and correspondingly, interventions that sustain ATP levels may have application for attenuating cognitive dysfunction in the face of an acute stressor that challenges brain energy metabolism. Notwithstanding, no study to date has examined the effect of uncoated ATP disodium supplementation on cognitive performance following high-intensity exercise.
Goals:
Method:
Randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled cross-over trial comparing the effect of supplementation with Peak ATP versus placebo on mood, reaction time and cognitive performance.
Supplementation will occur over a period of 14 days prior to completion of two separate experimental trials (randomly assigned), with a 14-day washout period in between. An acute dose will also be given during each experimental trial. POMS, RT, MOT and ANAM will be assessed pre- (0) immediately post- (IP) and 60-minutes (60P) post-completion of a 3-minute all-out cycle ergometer test. Anaerobic performance during the 3-minute test will be assessed.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| PeakATP | Experimental | PeakATP formula dissolved in 8 ounces water, taken 30 minutes before breakfast on an empty stomach, or within 30 minutes of waking. |
|
| Placebo | Placebo Comparator | Placebo formula (same as experimental with no PeakATP) dissolved in 8 ounces water, taken 30 minutes before breakfast on an empty stomach, or within 30 minutes of waking. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PeakATP | Dietary Supplement | Powder - 400mg Peak ATP, maltodextrin, silica-colloidal anhydrous, citric acid anhydrous, sucralose, guar gum |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Mood | Assessed via administration of the POMS Questionnaire. 58 words or phrases are presented in a Likert format questionnaire reflecting how the subject feels at the time of completing the questionnaire. Scores range from 0 (Not at all) to 4 (Extremely). Tension, depression, anger, vigor, fatigue, confusion and total mood disturbance (TMD) will be measured. | Pre (0) |
| Mood | Assessed via administration of the POMS Questionnaire. 58 words or phrases are presented in a Likert format questionnaire reflecting how the subject feels at the time of completing the questionnaire. Scores range from 0 (Not at all) to 4 (Extremely). Tension, depression, anger, vigor, fatigue, confusion and total mood disturbance (TMD) will be measured. | Immediately post (IP) |
| Mood | Assessed via administration of the POMS Questionnaire. 58 words or phrases are presented in a Likert format questionnaire reflecting how the subject feels at the time of completing the questionnaire. Scores range from 0 (Not at all) to 4 (Extremely). Tension, depression, anger, vigor, fatigue, confusion and total mood disturbance (TMD) will be measured. | 60-minutes post (60P) |
| Reaction Time | Assessed using the Dynavision D2 visuomotor training device. Subjects are required to recognize and respond as fast as possible to random and sequentially appearing stimuli across the Dynavision apparatus target field. Mode A test - The participant will be instructed to successfully identify and strike as many stimuli as possible within 60 seconds with both hands. The number of hits and average reaction time per hit will be assessed. Mode B test - The participant will be instructed to successfully identify and strike as many stimuli as possible within 60 seconds with both hands. Additionally, the participant will be required to verbally recite a random 5-digit number that presents on the center screen (t-scope) of the D2. The 5-digit number is presented a total of 11 times throughout the 60-second test, remains for 0.75 seconds and will be randomly generated. The number of hits, misses and the average reaction time per hit will be assessed. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Adam J Wells, PhD | University of Central Florida | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kinesiology Research Labs | Orlando | Florida | 32816 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 18443293 | Background | Du F, Zhu XH, Zhang Y, Friedman M, Zhang N, Ugurbil K, Chen W. Tightly coupled brain activity and cerebral ATP metabolic rate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Apr 29;105(17):6409-14. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0710766105. Epub 2008 Apr 28. | |
| 22254121 | Background | Owen L, Sunram-Lea SI. Metabolic agents that enhance ATP can improve cognitive functioning: a review of the evidence for glucose, oxygen, pyruvate, creatine, and L-carnitine. Nutrients. 2011 Aug;3(8):735-55. doi: 10.3390/nu3080735. Epub 2011 Aug 10. |
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| Type | Date | Date Unknown |
|---|---|---|
| Release | Sep 23, 2024 | |
| Reset | Nov 20, 2024 |
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| Release Date | Unrelease Date | Unrelease Date Unknown | Reset Date | MCP Release Number |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sep 23, 2024 | Nov 20, 2024 |
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| Placebo | Dietary Supplement | Powder - maltodextrin, silica-colloidal anhydrous, citric acid anhydrous, sucralose, guar gum |
|
| Pre (0) |
| Reaction Time | Assessed using the Dynavision D2 visuomotor training device. Subjects are required to recognize and respond as fast as possible to random and sequentially appearing stimuli across the Dynavision apparatus target field. Mode A test - The participant will be instructed to successfully identify and strike as many stimuli as possible within 60 seconds with both hands. The number of hits and average reaction time per hit will be assessed. Mode B test - The participant will be instructed to successfully identify and strike as many stimuli as possible within 60 seconds with both hands. Additionally, the participant will be required to verbally recite a random 5-digit number that presents on the center screen (t-scope) of the D2. The 5-digit number is presented a total of 11 times throughout the 60-second test, remains for 0.75 seconds and will be randomly generated. The number of hits, misses and the average reaction time per hit will be assessed. | Immediately post (IP) |
| Reaction Time | Assessed using the Dynavision D2 visuomotor training device. Subjects are required to recognize and respond as fast as possible to random and sequentially appearing stimuli across the Dynavision apparatus target field. Mode A test - The participant will be instructed to successfully identify and strike as many stimuli as possible within 60 seconds with both hands. The number of hits and average reaction time per hit will be assessed. Mode B test - The participant will be instructed to successfully identify and strike as many stimuli as possible within 60 seconds with both hands. Additionally, the participant will be required to verbally recite a random 5-digit number that presents on the center screen (t-scope) of the D2. The 5-digit number is presented a total of 11 times throughout the 60-second test, remains for 0.75 seconds and will be randomly generated. The number of hits, misses and the average reaction time per hit will be assessed. | 60-minutes post (60P) |
| Multiple Object Tracking (MOT) | Multiple object Tracking (MOT) speed will be assessed via the completion of a CORE assessment using Neurotracker MOT software. The Neurotracker MOT assessment requires participants to track four targets among eight spheres projected within a cube space. The spheres follow a linear trajectory in space, with deviations in trajectory occurring in response to collisions between balls and with the walls of the cube. The CORE assessment includes 20 trials and lasts approx. 6 minutes and challenges attention, visual information processing speed and working memory. The MOT speed threshold, defined as the speed at which the participant correctly identifies all target balls 50% of the time (i.e., the point at which their performance neither improves nor deteriorates) will be determined. | Pre (0) |
| Multiple Object Tracking (MOT) | Multiple object Tracking (MOT) speed will be assessed via the completion of a CORE assessment using Neurotracker MOT software. The Neurotracker MOT assessment requires participants to track four targets among eight spheres projected within a cube space. The spheres follow a linear trajectory in space, with deviations in trajectory occurring in response to collisions between balls and with the walls of the cube. The CORE assessment includes 20 trials and lasts approx. 6 minutes and challenges attention, visual information processing speed and working memory. The MOT speed threshold, defined as the speed at which the participant correctly identifies all target balls 50% of the time (i.e., the point at which their performance neither improves nor deteriorates) will be determined. | Immediately post (IP) |
| Multiple Object Tracking (MOT) | Multiple object Tracking (MOT) speed will be assessed via the completion of a CORE assessment using Neurotracker MOT software. The Neurotracker MOT assessment requires participants to track four targets among eight spheres projected within a cube space. The spheres follow a linear trajectory in space, with deviations in trajectory occurring in response to collisions between balls and with the walls of the cube. The CORE assessment includes 20 trials and lasts approx. 6 minutes and challenges attention, visual information processing speed and working memory. The MOT speed threshold, defined as the speed at which the participant correctly identifies all target balls 50% of the time (i.e., the point at which their performance neither improves nor deteriorates) will be determined. | 60-minutes post (60P) |
| Symptoms checklist | Monitor frequency and severity of subjective symptoms related to a broad spectrum of conditions. The participant is presented with 21 symptoms. The participant is required to rate each symptom (e.g. fatigue, headache, Nausea, numbness/tingling etc. on a scale from 0 (Not Present) to 6 (Severe). Assessed as part of the ANAM. | Pre (0) |
| Symptoms checklist | Monitor frequency and severity of subjective symptoms related to a broad spectrum of conditions. The participant is presented with 21 symptoms. The participant is required to rate each symptom (e.g. fatigue, headache, Nausea, numbness/tingling etc. on a scale from 0 (Not Present) to 6 (Severe). Assessed as part of the ANAM. | Immediately post (IP) |
| Sleepiness Scale | The subject is presented with seven different statements of alertness/sleepiness, ranging from "Feeling very alert, wide awake, and energetic" to "Very sleepy and cannot stay awake much longer." The participant is instructed to select the statement that best matches their current state. | 60-minutes post (60P) |
| Cognition | Response scores from each of seven cognitive assessments administered as part of a battery of tests via Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM) computer software. Tests include:
| Pre (0) |
| Cognition | Response scores from each of seven cognitive assessments administered as part of a battery of tests via Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM) computer software. Tests include:
| Immediately post (IP) |
| Cognition | Response scores from each of seven cognitive assessments administered as part of a battery of tests via Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM) computer software. Tests include:
| 60-minutes post (60P) |
| Anaerobic performance | Subjects will complete 60 seconds of unloaded cycling at 90 rpm before immediately completing a 3-minute all-out test on a cycle ergometer. Resistance during the test will be set as a function of pedaling rate using a scaling factor based on the power output at a set cadence (70 rpm) being equal to 50% of the difference between the power output at gas exchange threshold (GET) and peak power output assessed during the VO2peak test. End power (mean power during last 30 seconds of 3-minute test), anaerobic working capacity (work above end power), peak power, mean power, time to peak power, fatigue slope (W/sec), rate of fatigue (%), and total work (joules) will be calculated | During 3-minute test |
| 22510240 | Result | Arts IC, Coolen EJ, Bours MJ, Huyghebaert N, Stuart MA, Bast A, Dagnelie PC. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) supplements are not orally bioavailable: a randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over trial in healthy humans. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2012 Apr 17;9(1):16. doi: 10.1186/1550-2783-9-16. |
| 21129239 | Result | Coolen EJ, Arts IC, Bekers O, Vervaet C, Bast A, Dagnelie PC. Oral bioavailability of ATP after prolonged administration. Br J Nutr. 2011 Feb;105(3):357-66. doi: 10.1017/S0007114510003570. Epub 2010 Dec 6. |
| 28080323 | Result | Purpura M, Rathmacher JA, Sharp MH, Lowery RP, Shields KA, Partl JM, Wilson JM, Jager R. Oral Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) Administration Increases Postexercise ATP Levels, Muscle Excitability, and Athletic Performance Following a Repeated Sprint Bout. J Am Coll Nutr. 2017 Mar-Apr;36(3):177-183. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2016.1246989. Epub 2017 Jan 12. |
| 23046855 | Result | Rathmacher JA, Fuller JC Jr, Baier SM, Abumrad NN, Angus HF, Sharp RL. Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) supplementation improves low peak muscle torque and torque fatigue during repeated high intensity exercise sets. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2012 Oct 9;9(1):48. doi: 10.1186/1550-2783-9-48. |
| 24330670 | Result | Wilson JM, Joy JM, Lowery RP, Roberts MD, Lockwood CM, Manninen AH, Fuller JC, De Souza EO, Baier SM, Wilson SM, Rathmacher JA. Effects of oral adenosine-5'-triphosphate supplementation on athletic performance, skeletal muscle hypertrophy and recovery in resistance-trained men. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2013 Sep 22;10(1):57. doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-10-57. |
| 30276192 | Result | de Freitas MC, Ricci-Vitor AL, Freire RV, Caperuto EC, Vanderlei LCM, Lira FS, Rossi FE. Oral adenosine 5'-triphosphate supplementation improved hemodynamic and autonomic parameters after exercise in hypertensive women. J Exerc Rehabil. 2018 Aug 24;14(4):671-679. doi: 10.12965/jer.1836256.128. eCollection 2018 Aug. |
| 30744172 | Result | Sun S, Loprinzi PD, Guan H, Zou L, Kong Z, Hu Y, Shi Q, Nie J. The Effects of High-Intensity Interval Exercise and Hypoxia on Cognition in Sedentary Young Adults. Medicina (Kaunas). 2019 Feb 10;55(2):43. doi: 10.3390/medicina55020043. |
| 28713461 | Result | Samuel RD, Zavdy O, Levav M, Reuveny R, Katz U, Dubnov-Raz G. The Effects of Maximal Intensity Exercise on Cognitive Performance in Children. J Hum Kinet. 2017 Jun 22;57:85-96. doi: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0050. eCollection 2017 Jun. |
| 42339441 | Derived | Dufner TJ, Moon JM, Wells AJ. Cycle-based high-intensity sprint exercise elicits acute cognitive dysfunction in psychomotor and memory task performance. Front Cognit. 2024 Jul 23;3:1419734. doi: 10.3389/fcogn.2024.1419734. eCollection 2024. |