Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a disorder of development of the neural retina and its vasculature that can impact vision in vulnerable preterm neonates for a lifetime. This study tests high-speed optical coherence tomography (OCT) technology compared to conventional color photographs at the bedside of very preterm infants in the intensive care nursery, to characterize previously unseen abnormalities that can predict a need for referral for ROP treatment, or poor visual or neurological development later in life, up to pre-school age. Our long-term goal is to help improve preterm infant health and vision via objective bedside imaging and analysis that characterizes early critical indicators of ROP, and poor visual function and neurological development, which will rapidly translate to better early intervention and improved future care.

As an increasing percentage of preterm infants survive worldwide, the number of infants at risk for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is increasing. These infants are also at high risk for future abnormal visual function and neurodevelopment. While current screening approaches address identifying eyes for treatment of severe ROP, there are no attempts to address the later subnormal vision of many preterm infants. In part, this is due to a lack of information about the retina beyond that of retinal vascular development. In addition, the most common method to screen for ROP remains indirect ophthalmoscopic examination by physicians with annotated drawings for documentation, a method proven to be poorly reproducible and stressful to the fragile infant. Bedside retinal photographs enable documentation and the possibility for telemedicine approaches, but lack information about retinal microanatomy, are poor quality in darkly pigmented eyes and also are stressful to the infant because of the required light exposure. We need an infant-friendly, more practical approach to evaluate ROP efficiently and additional information about ocular and neurovascular development that could lead to improved clinical care.

This research builds on our group's ability to reliably capture and process non-contact, infrared optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT-angiography of retinal microanatomy and microvasculature at high speed, across a wide field of view, and at the bedside in preterm infants. Our overall objectives are threefold: first, to evaluate infant microanatomy and microvascular flow findings relevant to vision and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children; second, to translate and test our imaging achievements for real-world use by nurses at the bedside and for better clinical insight and feedback; and third, to gather additional data in eyes that progress to treatment and dive deeper into the insight that they provide into pathways of disease in ROP. The investigational OCT imaging will be used in this research to gather information that is otherwise not accessible to the physician. This research will lay the groundwork for future use of infant OCT markers to guide care.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Children previously enrolled in BabySTEPS1 (Pro00069721) that have already consented to being contacted for this school age follow on study, Cohort 1 only
• Parent/Legal Guardian is able and willing to consent to study participation with follow up approximately between 4.5 and 5 years of age (consent available in Spanish* and English) (SA 1 only)
• Parent/Legal Guardian is able and willing to consent to study participation for the infant (SA 2 and 2c only)
• Infant/child undergoing clinically-indicated examination under anesthesia that may or may not have eye pathology (SA 2 only)
• Infant inborn or outborn at (SA 2 only):
• Duke Hospital (Years 1, 2 and 3) with birth weight ≤1000 grams, and/or 20 0/7 to 28/ 6/7 (<29 weeks) gestational age
• Duke Hospital (Years 1, 2 and 3) at high risk to require treatment for ROP irrespective of birth weight and gestational age (e.g. pre-plus, severe ROP in zone 1, APROP, etc.)
• Duke Regional Hospital (Years 4 and 5) that meets the American Association of Pediatrics eligibility of ROP screening (Infants with a birth weight of ≤1500 g or gestational age of 30 weeks)
• Adults (over the age of 18 years) that may or may not have eye pathology (SA 2 only)

Exclusion Criteria:

• Participant or Parent/Legal Guardian unwilling or unable to provide consent
• Adult participant or infant/child has a health or eye condition that preclude eye examination or retinal imaging (e.g. corneal opacity such as with Peter's anomaly or cataract) (SA2 only)
• Infant has a health condition, other than prematurity, that has a profound impact on brain development (e.g. anencephaly) (SA2 only)

The Retinal Microanatomy in ROP Study (BabySTEPS2) data cannot be analyzed for publication until they are released by the study Principal Investigator upon final review and approval by the Data Safety and Monitoring Committee.

BabySTEPS2 data will be made available as follows:

• A summary, de-identified data set available upon request through direct inquiries to the Study PI or Coordinating Center a year after publication.
• By the end of the funding period, de-identified SAS data sets and form images corresponding to all data collection forms, as well as key derived variables, will be put on file with a data repository.
• Researchers may request limited access data sets.
• The raw and analyzed imaging datasets will be made available after the completion of the Retinal Microanatomy in ROP Study.

Approved recipients will need to enter into a data sharing agreement. Costs for compilation and access to the datasets will be the responsibility of the recipients.

Data will be made available after the completion of the Retinal Microanatomy in ROP (BabySTEPS2) Study

Data requests must be submitted to the PI or the Coordinating Center. Approved recipients will need to enter into a data sharing agreement.

Costs for compilation and access to the datasets will be the responsibility of the recipients.

While all participants have the investigational imaging, throughout image grading, the principal investigator and image analysts are masked to all health data (including retinopathy of prematurity examination findings) except age at time of imaging. The visual acuity and neurodevelopmental outcome assessors are masked to all OCT image and fundus photograph grading data.