The Mindful Breathing intervention will be adapted from a validated, brief mindfulness training model. Participants will be instructed to focus on the sensations of the breath (i.e., at the tip of the nose and in the nostrils, abdomen and back) and, if a pain arises in the body, acknowledge it without judgement and return attention to the breath.

The Multidimensional Assessment of Pleasant and Painful Sensations (MAPPS) is an outline of a human body overlaid by a grid of 786 sensation pixels that was developed using the Qualtrics online survey platform, which can be recreated on any device capable of supporting a web-browser. Mouse clicks allow respondents to identify locations (i.e., grid pixels) on the manikin where they feel both pleasant and unpleasant sensations. Clicking once in any grid pixel turns that location blue, indicating a pleasant sensation. Clicking twice in any grid pixel turns that location red, indicating an unpleasant sensation. A ratio of pleasant to unpleasant sensations is derived from MAPPS.

The Multidimensional Assessment of Pleasant and Painful Sensations (MAPPS) is an outline of a human body overlaid by a grid of 786 sensation pixels that was developed using the Qualtrics online survey platform, which can be recreated on any device capable of supporting a web-browser. Mouse clicks allow respondents to identify locations (i.e., grid pixels) on the manikin where they feel both pleasant and unpleasant sensations. Clicking once in any grid pixel turns that location blue, indicating a pleasant sensation. Clicking twice in any grid pixel turns that location red, indicating an unpleasant sensation. A ratio of pleasant to unpleasant sensations is derived from MAPPS.

Single-item Numeric Rating Scale (0-10), with 0 indicating no desire for opioid medication and 10 representing the an intense desire for opioid medication.