Synthesis of the chemical precursor for the neuroimaging radiotracer could not be produced in a stable fashion.

The overarching aim of this project is to conduct a randomized controlled study to determine whether Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement (MORE) vs. a Support Group (SG) can improve pain regulation and hedonic functions (i.e., natural reward responsiveness) thought to be governed by the endogenous opioid system among opioid-treated, chronic, non-neuropathic back pain patients (CNBP) and thereby improve clinical pain, affect, and opioid use.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. age 21-60 years of age
2. English fluency
3. 20/20 vision with corrective lenses
4. current chronic, non-neuropathic back pain diagnosis determined by physician assessment
5. reporting pain ≥3 on 0-10 scale with opioid medication
6. current use of prescription opioids for ≥3 consecutive months
7. ability to understand study procedures and to comply with them for the entire length of the study

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Mindfulness experience (e.g., MBSR or shamatha/vipassana meditation)
2. psychosis
3. untreated, active suicidality in the past month
4. and severe non-opioid substance use disorder in the past year as assessed with the MINI
5. clinically unstable illness judged to interfere with treatment, and presence of facial/jaw pain
6. pregnancy
7. inability or unwillingness of individual to give written informed consent
8. physical characteristics that preclude neuroimaging or study procedures (e.g., metal implants, etc.