Brief, 8-minute, audio-guided mindfulness intervention delivered prior to osteopathic manipulation.

Brief, 8-minute, audio-guided history of osteopathy delivered prior to osteopathic manipulation.

The mindfulness meditation recording consisted of instruction in focused attention on breath and body sensations and metacognitive monitoring and acceptance of discursive thoughts, negative emotions, and pain.

Pain intensity was measured with individual items rated on a numeric rating scale (0-10). Higher scores indicate more pain.

The sensation manikin is a digital human figure silhouette that is overlaid with a grid of 786 "sensation" pixels. Participants identify locations (i.e., grid pixels) on the manikin where they feel both pleasant and unpleasant sensations. Clicking once on any grid pixel turns that location blue, indicating a pleasant sensation. Clicking twice on any grid pixel turns that location red, indicating an unpleasant sensation. Each participant was instructed to color the entire area in which they were currently feeling sensation in their body. A clinically useful sensation ratio score is achieved by dividing the number of pleasant sensation pixels reported by the number of unpleasant sensation pixels reported. Higher scores indicate a larger pleasant sensation to unpleasant sensation ratio.