Orange Juice and Glycaemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Impact of Orange Juice During Breakfast on Glycaemic Control in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The evidence on the consumption of 100% orange juice in people with type 2 diabetes is highly variable and largely out-of-date, with a few studies reporting acute negative glycaemic effects when 100% orange juice is drunk with or without a meal. The aim of the project is to study the impact of the intake of a single serving of 100% orange juice on glycaemic control in male patients with pre-existing type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition, immunological parameters and Alzheimer disease related biomarkers will be assessed to examine the chronic inflammatory state of these patients

Inclusion Criteria:

• Inclusion Criteria: individuals (aged 25-75 years) with up to 8 years of T2DM, according to ADA criteria (Two-hour plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) during OGTT. The test should be performed as described by the WHO, using a glucose load containing the equivalent of 75-g anhydrous glucose dissolved in water; or HbA1c > ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol)).

Exclusion Criteria:

• pregnancy,
• participants on exogenous insulin therapy,
• HbA1c >8.5%,
• BMI <22 or >35 kg/m²,
• regular smokers (>1 cigarette per day),
• participants with established cardiovascular disease,
• neurological disease,
• cancer,
• renal disease.
• Participants who are unwilling to consume any of the standard foods/drinks