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COVID-19 pandemic threatens patients, societies and healthcare systems around the world. The host immunity determines the progress of the disease and its lethality. The associated cytokine storm mainly affects the lungs; leading to acute lung injury with variable degrees. Modulation of cytokine production using Immunonutrition is a novel concept that has been applied to other diseases. Using specific nutrients such as n3- fatty acids and antioxidant vitamins in extraordinary doses modulate the host immune response and ameliorate the cytokine storm associated with viral diseases such as COVID-19. In this proposal, we will conduct a prospective double-blinded controlled trial for 14 days on 30 SARS-CoV-2 positive cases. The participant will be randomly assigned to two groups (n=20/each); intervention (IG) and placebo (PG) groups. The IG group will be provided with an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant oral supplement (OS) on a daily basis, while the PG will be given an isocaloric placebo. Basal and weekly nutritional screening, as well as recording of anthropometric, clinical and biochemical parameters, will be done. The main biochemical parameters include serum ferritin level, cytokine storm parameters (interleukin-6, Tumor necrosis factor-α, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1), C-reactive protein, total leukocyte count, differential lymphocytic count and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio. It is expected that the anti-inflammatory-antioxidant OS might help in the reduction of the COVID-19 severity with more preservation of the nutritional status of infected cases.
Subjects: A total of 40 participants will be enrolled in this double-blinded prospective, randomized controlled trial. All participants will sign a written consent after details of the study have been fully explained to them. Later on, they will be randomly allocated into two study groups; intervention group (IG, n=20) and placebo group (PG, n=20). Computer-generated random numbers will be used to randomize the participants into one of two intervention groups. The study protocol will be approved by the IRB committee in King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University Medical city. This clinical trial will be registered in the clinicaltrials.gov registry.
Settings: All participants will be SARS-CoV-2 positive cases admitted to King Khalid University Hospital.
Study protocol: All study participants will be instructed to either consume one capsule of oral supplement enriched in antioxidants vitamins or placebo. The OS will be served in opaque capsules of the same size, shape and color and should be ingested in the morning under the supervision of a nurse. The OS should not be consumed before the time of a meal. The composition of one capsule of the intervention-OS includes: enriched in vitamin A, C, E, Selenium and Zinc. The composition of one capsule of the intervention-supplement includes: 1500 mcg vitamin A (as β-carotene), 250 mg Vitamin C, 90 mg vitamin E, 15 ug Selenium, and 7.5 mg Zinc. The composition of the placebo will have the same weight of cellulose, and zero concentrations of vitamin A, C, E, Selenium and zinc.
All participants will be assessed at the start and reassessed again after 1 week and after 14-days period. The assessment will include nutritional screening by Nutritional risk screening 2002 (NRS-2002), Subjective global assessment (SGA), and Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria. Besides anthropometric measures, clinical Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM). also, anthropometric measurements, clinical assessment, and biochemical data will be measured. Statistical analysis: The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 will be used for analysis. The descriptive statistics for continuous variables will be presented as mean ± standard deviation, while other categorical variables as percentages. The independent sample t-test will be used for comparison between the IG and PG groups. For repeated measures at multiple points of time will be tested by Friedman's two-way ANOVA. The Pearson correlation coefficient will be applied to correlate some relevant variables. All these tests were performed with 80% power and a 5% level of significance.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Experimental | the intervention groups will receive daily oral antioxidant supplement enriched in vitamin A, C, E, Selenium and Zinc. The composition of one capsule of the intervention-supplement includes: 1500 mcg vitamin A (as β-carotene), 250 mg Vitamin C, 90 mg vitamin E, 15 ug Selenium, and 7.5 mg Zinc. |
|
| Placebo | Placebo Comparator | Placebo group will receive daily intervention in form of cellulose-containing gelatin capsules with the same color and shape. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oral supplement enriched in antioxidants | Dietary Supplement | the intervention group will receive a commercially available antioxidant supplement, which will be given to patients with COVID-19 in the morning after breakfast. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change from baseline score of Nutrition risk screening-2002 (NRS-2002) at end of the trial | Changes in scores of the NRS-2002 for patients with COVID-19 at the end of the study, from 0 to 7 scores, with those scores < 3 means no risk of malnutrition and >= 3 means malnutrition. | up to 3 months |
| Change from baseline Serum ferritin level at end of the trial | Change in serum ferritin at the end of the trial as ferritin is considered as a COVID-19 fatality predictor. | up to 3 months |
| Change from baseline serum Interleukin-6 concentration at end of the trial | Change in IL-6 at the end of the trial as it represent the cytokine storm and it is considered as a COVID-19 fatality predictor | up to 3 months |
| Change from baseline serum C-reactive protein concentration at end of the trial | Change in C-reactive protein in the serum at the end of the trial which reflect the acute phase | up to 3 months |
| Change from baseline serum Tumor necrosis factor-α concentration at end of the trial | Change in the TNF a in the serum at the end of study as it represent severity of the cytokine storm | up to 3 months |
| Change from baseline serum monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) at end of the trial | plasma MCP-1 represent severity of the cytokine storm | up to 3 months |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change from baseline Weight at end of the trial | Body weight in Kg | up to 3 months |
| Height | stature in cm | up to 1 month |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mahmoud M.A. Abulmeaty, M.D., FACN | Contact | 00966548155983 | mabulmeaty@ksu.edu.sa |
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prince Mohamed BinAbdulaziz Hospital | Recruiting | Riyadh | 14214 | Saudi Arabia |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 28397943 | Background | Abulmeaty MM, Almajwal AM, Almadani NK, Aldosari MS, Alnajim AA, Ali SB, Hassan HM, Elkatawy HA. Anthropometric and central obesity indices as predictors of long-term cardiometabolic risk among Saudi young and middle-aged men and women. Saudi Med J. 2017 Apr;38(4):372-380. doi: 10.15537/smj.2017.4.18758. | |
| 11895145 | Background |
| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| Immunonutrition: Interactions of Diet, Genetics, and Inflammation - Google Books. In Immunonutrition: Interactions of Diet, Genetics, and Inflammation | View source |
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all IPD that underlie results in a publication will be shared
starting 6 months after publication.
Access will be available for any researcher interested in this type of research on considerable consent.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000086382 | COVID-19 |
| D000080424 | Cytokine Release Syndrome |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D011024 | Pneumonia, Viral |
| D011014 | Pneumonia |
| D012141 | Respiratory Tract Infections |
| D007239 | Infections |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000975 | Antioxidants |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001685 | Biological Factors |
| D045504 | Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action |
| D020228 | Pharmacologic Actions |
| D020164 | Chemical Actions and Uses |
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Participants will be randomly allocated into two study groups; intervention group (IG, n=20) and placebo group (PG, n=20). Computer-generated random numbers will be used to randomize the participants into one of two intervention groups.
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The intervention-supplement and isocaloric-placebo will be served in the same shape, size and color. the care providers (nurses, dietitians) will not know members of each groups or the nature or composition of the ONS.
| cellulose-containing placebo capsules | Dietary Supplement | The placebo group will receive an oral supplement at the same time in the same shape/size/color. |
|
| Change from baseline BMI at end of the trial | Claculation of BMI according to weight / square Height | up to 3 months |
| Change from baseline mid arm circumference at end of the trial | changes of MAC in cm | up to 3 months |
| Change from baseline triceps skin-fold thickness at end of the trial | changes of TSF in mm | up to 3 months |
| Change from baseline MAMA at end of the trial | ). The mid-arm muscle area (MAMA) will be calculated according to the following equation: {MAMA= (MAC - π x TSF)2 / 4π}. | Up to 3 months |
| Change from baseline percentage of peripheral O2 saturation at end of the trial | changes in the percentage of peripheral O2 saturation by an oximeter | up to 3 months |
| Change from baseline degree of body temperature at end of the trial | changes in the degree of body temperature by infrared thermometer | up to 3 months |
| Change from baseline count the total leukocyte at end of the trial | change in the count from complete blood counts | up to 3 months |
| Change from baseline differential lymphocytic count at end of the trial | change in the count from complete blood counts | up to 3 months |
| Change from baseline Neutrophil count at end of the trial | change in the count from complete blood counts | up to 3 months |
| Change from baseline neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio at end of the trial | change in the rations calculated by division of the neutrophil count by the lymphocyte count | up to 3 months |
| Grimm H, Calder PC. Immunonutrition. Br J Nutr. 2002 Jan;87 Suppl 1:S1. doi: 10.1079/bjn2001450. No abstract available. |
| 17922951 | Background | Calder PC. Immunonutrition in surgical and critically ill patients. Br J Nutr. 2007 Oct;98 Suppl 1:S133-9. doi: 10.1017/S0007114507832909. |
| 32150360 | Background | Cascella M, Rajnik M, Aleem A, Dulebohn SC, Di Napoli R. Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus (COVID-19). 2023 Aug 18. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan-. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/ |
| 28877163 | Background | Das SK, Chisti MJ, Sarker MHR, Das J, Ahmed S, Shahunja KM, Nahar S, Gibbons N, Ahmed T, Faruque ASG, Rahman M, J Fuchs G 3rd, Al Mamun A, John Baker P. Long-term impact of changing childhood malnutrition on rotavirus diarrhoea: Two decades of adjusted association with climate and socio-demographic factors from urban Bangladesh. PLoS One. 2017 Sep 6;12(9):e0179418. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179418. eCollection 2017. |
| 30655992 | Background | Harada K, Minami H, Ferdous T, Kato Y, Umeda H, Horinaga D, Uchida K, Park SC, Hanazawa H, Takahashi S, Ohota M, Matsumoto H, Maruta J, Kakutani H, Aritomi S, Shibuya K, Mishima K. The Elental(R) elemental diet for chemoradiotherapy-induced oral mucositis: A prospective study in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Clin Oncol. 2019 Jan;10(1):159-167. doi: 10.3892/mco.2018.1769. Epub 2018 Nov 16. |
| 31986264 | Background | Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, Cheng Z, Yu T, Xia J, Wei Y, Wu W, Xie X, Yin W, Li H, Liu M, Xiao Y, Gao H, Guo L, Xie J, Wang G, Jiang R, Gao Z, Jin Q, Wang J, Cao B. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):497-506. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5. Epub 2020 Jan 24. |
| 22028151 | Background | Kim H. Glutamine as an immunonutrient. Yonsei Med J. 2011 Nov;52(6):892-7. doi: 10.3349/ymj.2011.52.6.892. |
| 12880610 | Background | Kondrup J, Allison SP, Elia M, Vellas B, Plauth M; Educational and Clinical Practice Committee, European Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ESPEN). ESPEN guidelines for nutrition screening 2002. Clin Nutr. 2003 Aug;22(4):415-21. doi: 10.1016/s0261-5614(03)00098-0. |
| 12663270 | Background | McCowen KC, Bistrian BR. Immunonutrition: problematic or problem solving? Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Apr;77(4):764-70. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/77.4.764. |
| 26315574 | Background | Mariette C. Immunonutrition. J Visc Surg. 2015 Aug;152 Suppl 1:S14-7. doi: 10.1016/S1878-7886(15)30005-9. |
| 29878555 | Background | McCarthy MS, Martindale RG. Immunonutrition in Critical Illness: What Is the Role? Nutr Clin Pract. 2018 Jun;33(3):348-358. doi: 10.1002/ncp.10102. |
| 32125452 | Background | Ruan Q, Yang K, Wang W, Jiang L, Song J. Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive Care Med. 2020 May;46(5):846-848. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-05991-x. Epub 2020 Mar 3. No abstract available. |
| 22390970 | Background | Tisoncik JR, Korth MJ, Simmons CP, Farrar J, Martin TR, Katze MG. Into the eye of the cytokine storm. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2012 Mar;76(1):16-32. doi: 10.1128/MMBR.05015-11. |
| 25516320 | Background | Teo BW, Toh QC, Chan XW, Xu H, Li JL, Lee EJ. Assessment of muscle mass and its association with protein intake in a multi-ethnic Asian population: relevance in chronic kidney disease. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2014;23(4):619-25. doi: 10.6133/apjcn.2014.23.4.01. |
| D014777 |
| Virus Diseases |
| D018352 | Coronavirus Infections |
| D003333 | Coronaviridae Infections |
| D030341 | Nidovirales Infections |
| D012327 | RNA Virus Infections |
| D008171 | Lung Diseases |
| D012140 | Respiratory Tract Diseases |
| D018746 | Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome |
| D007249 | Inflammation |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D012769 | Shock |
| D020011 | Protective Agents |
| D045505 | Physiological Effects of Drugs |
| D020313 | Specialty Uses of Chemicals |