Developing theoretical, quantitative models of the basic cognitive mechanisms underlying human social decision-making, and understanding the influence of neuromodulators such as dopamine on these mechanisms, has important ramifications for both healthy and patient populations. In this proposal the investigators combine quantitative social measures, computational models, neuroimaging, and a pharmacological intervention to define the mechanisms of social decision-making.

A significant challenge for understanding social dysfunctions observed in mental illness is to link high-level theories of social behavior and cognition with the computations performed by brain circuits. Specifically, how does the brain translate social perception into social valuation, and how does such valuation influence social actions? Investigators propose to leverage recent developments in economic theory and cognitive neuroscience to bridge this divide using a computational, model-based approach. In this proposal, investigators hypothesize that social behavior is underpinned by brain mechanisms that are influenced by the neurotransmitter dopamine, and that these mechanisms can be captured by computational models that integrate internal representations of social experience, and parameters relevant to dopamine tone, to inform social actions. Social valuation thus critically, and quantitatively, depends upon both internal social representations and the neurochemistry of the actor within the social environment. To assess this hypothesis, investigators pursue two approaches to evaluate dopamine tone: one in which investigators use an FDA-approved medication, tolcapone, to influence dopamine metabolism, and one in which investigators perform Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging to measure dopamine release and baseline dopamine receptor D2/D3 occupancy. Investigators then apply a model of social valuation to subjects' behavior, and search for neural correlates of this valuation using functional MRI (fMRI). To this end, investigators bring together a group of experts in (1) the neuroeconomics and modeling of social and non-social decision-making, (2) cognitive neuroscience, (3) the pharmacology of frontostriatal circuits, and (4) neuroimaging. Investigators thus seek to broaden our understanding of the computations and circuits underlying social behavior. Moreover, investigators believe that a model-based understanding of these behaviors and neural circuits may guide more robust predictions of the effects of pharmacological manipulations on social valuation, and provide quantitative tools to assess the effects of such manipulations in patient populations, with possible therapeutic implications.

Inclusion criteria:

• Ages 18-40 and right-handed
• Able to provide written informed consent
• Normal or corrected-to-normal visual acuity
• General good health as determined for tolcapone studies by screening provider (Dr. Kayser, Dr.Jagust, or other approved, licensed clinician)

Exclusion criteria:

• Regular and/or scheduled use of other neuro- or psycho-active medications
• Severe low blood pressure or uncontrolled high blood pressure
• Intelligence quotient (IQ) < 70 as assessed by the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR)
• History of mild, moderate, or severe traumatic brain injury
• History of brain surgery (i.e. violating brain parenchyma) or penetrating brain injury
• Active alcohol dependence or alcohol abuse by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria (within previous 30 days)
• Active substance dependence or substance abuse by DSM-IV-TR criteria (excluding nicotine, but including marijuana, opiates, stimulants (cocaine, amphetamines), and hallucinogens within previous 30 days)
• History of suicide attempt (last 5 years)
• Clinically severe medical illness requiring treatment
• History of brain tumor, stroke, demyelinating disease, encephalitis, or cerebral aneurysm rupture
• Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease or other primary neurodegenerative disorder
• Schizophrenia or other psychiatric disturbances

For Subjects Undergoing fMRI Scanning:

• Contraindications to MRI (e.g. unremovable ferromagnetic metals, claustrophobia)
• Inability to complete basic fMRI requirements (e.g. to make button presses and to minimize movement < 5mm)
• Women of childbearing potential take a urine pregnancy test prior to scanning.

For Tolcapone Experiments:

• Contraindications to tolcapone use, including liver function tests elevated more than 2.5 times above normal ranges, pregnancy, previous adverse reaction to tolcapone, significant liver or kidney impairment
• Current use (within previous 30 days) of pharmacological agents with dopaminergic actions, including but not limited to levodopa/carbidopa, entacapone, tolcapone, amantadine, bromocriptine, pergolide, pramipexole, ropinirole, selegiline, isocarboxazid, phenelzine, tranylcypromine, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone, aripiprazole, fluphenazine, haloperidol, perphenazine, pimozide, thiothixene, trifluoperazine, loxapine, molindone, chlorpromazine, mesoridazine, thioridazine, promethazine, dextroamphetamine, dexmethylphenidate, dextroamphetamine, or methylphenidate

Anonymized data and software code will be posted and shared via Open Science Foundation.

We anticipate posting the data and code 2 years following completion of study on Open Science Foundation. All data and code will be anonymized to ensure confidentiality of participants. The data and code will be available indefinitely once posted.

Data and code will be public access once posted.