Study recruitment was suspended due to interruption of in-person testing after the start of the COVID19 pandemic in March 2020. The current study's protocol is being revised to be delivered fully remotely.

Individuals diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are at a high risk of developing dementia and are an important target population for interventions that may reduce the risk of cognitive decline. A diagnosis of MCI or dementia also has an important impact on caregivers, who show increased levels of stress, anxiety, and depression. Mindfulness meditation is a promising behavioural intervention that may have important benefits both for older adults with MCI and for caregivers. Previous research suggests that meditation may improve psychological wellbeing, reduce stress, and even improve cognitive function. Technology-based mindfulness meditation platforms may be a much-needed solution for promoting the adoption of mindfulness in these populations.

The current study is a pilot randomized control trial of a mindfulness meditation intervention delivered via the Muse platform in two study populations: a) older adults diagnosed with MCI, and b) family caregivers of persons with MCI or neurodegenerative disorders. Muse is a mobile application for meditation that provides real-time feedback about the user's state of mindfulness during meditation via a headband containing electroencephalographic sensors (EEG) that the user wears while meditating. It is thought that this neurofeedback can promote learning and lead to faster improvements in meditation ability and, consequently, greater benefits from meditation practice.

This aim of this pilot study is to establish the acceptability of the Muse platform as an intervention in the two study populations, to determine the feasibility of the randomized control trial designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a 6 week intervention with the Muse platform, and to evaluate the effect of neurofeedback on meditation. Participants will be randomly allocated to meditation with neurofeedback (NFB) or meditation without neurofeedback (no-NFB) and will complete daily meditation sessions for 6 weeks. An assessment visit before and after the intervention will evaluate participants' psychological well-being using questionnaires; their visual working memory, attention, and visual perception using behavioural tests; and their mindfulness ability using questionnaires and a behavioural measure. EEG will also be recorded using the Muse headband to examine changes in electrophysiological markers during cognitive tests and at rest.

The Primary objectives of the main study are:

1. To determine if mindfulness meditation with auditory neurofeedback (NFB) leads to greater improvements in mindfulness relative to a mindfulness meditation without neurofeedback (no-NFB).
2. To determine if a mindfulness meditation intervention with neurofeedback leads to greater improvements in psychological well-being, with perceived stress levels as the primary outcome measure, in the two study populations, relative to a mindfulness meditation program without neurofeedback .

Secondary objectives of the main study are to determine if the NFB intervention leads to greater improvements in 1) other measures of psychological wellbeing and 2 ) behavioural and EEG markers of perceptual and cognitive function, relative to the no-NFB arm, in the two study populations (individuals with MCI; caregivers)

Feasibility and acceptability objectives of the pilot study

1. To evaluate the acceptability of the intervention for older adults with MCI and family caregivers of persons with MCI or neurodegenerative disorders, and to examine whether the acceptability of the intervention is associated with the individual's technological abilities.
2. To estimate the recruitment rate of older adults with MCI and family caregivers separately, as well as dyads of older adults with MCI and their caregivers.
3. To determine the rate of adherence to the intervention schedule (durations per session and number of sessions), and the rate of completion of assessment visits and weekly questionnaires
4. To determine the extent of technical expertise and time resources required of the experimenters to provide technical support to participants in each group
5. To determine the feasibility of blinding experimenters to the intervention arm and of blinding Muse-control participants to the neurofeedback group, given that information about the Muse app is easily available online.
6. To obtain preliminary estimates of the effects of Muse and Muse-control interventions on the psychological well-being, and perceptual and cognitive measures, and the standard deviations of these measures.

Procedures:

Briefly, participants will be enrolled on a continuous basis. After an initial pre-screening phone call or email, interested and eligible participants will come for a consenting and screening visit, which will include a clinical interview to screen for mental-health exclusion criteria, as well as exclusion related to prior use of the Muse device. All those eligible to proceed will return for a baseline assessment visit (Visit 2) where they will complete a series of computer-based task assessments and self-report questionnaires. At the end of the assessments, participants will be introduced to the research assistant responsible for the intervention (training RA). The training RA will train the participant on how to use the Muse headband and app associated with their training condition, as well as give instructions on the required training regimen. The next six weeks will consist of the training period. The training RA will contact participants by phone or email once a week to monitor for any issues. Following the training period, all participants will come back for Visit 3 to repeat the same assessments as were completed at baseline (Visit 2) with the experimenter RAs. All participants will be fully debriefed by the training RA during Visit 3 as to which version of the app they trained with and what the differences are between the two apps.

Sample size justification for the pilot study

A minimum of 12 participants per group and condition is required to provide feasibility and acceptability information. However, to obtain reliable estimates of the variability of each outcome measure, our target sample size is 20 participants per condition (i.e., 40 MCI participants in total and 40 caregivers in total). The actual sample size for the pilot study will be limited by the timeline of the project and the combination of recruitment and retention rates.

Recruitment:

Caregivers will be recruited through advertisements on the Baycrest campus or at institutions that provide services for caregivers. Older adults with MCI will be recruited at Baycrest through advertisements and by contacting eligible participants through the Baycrest Client Registry.

Inclusion Criteria (Older adults with MCI):

• Diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment, any type, by a physician at the Baycrest Sam & Ida Ross Memory Clinic
• Confirmation of the absence of progression to dementia within 90 days of study start by a physician or by the study staff
• Aged 55 years to 90 years

Inclusion Criteria (Caregivers):

• Identify as a caregiver of a family member or friend living with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or any neurodegenerative disease
• Not be financially compensated for their caregiving work
• Aged 20 years to 90 years
• Passes the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status and Montreal Cognitive Assessment > 23

Exclusion Criteria:

• History of neurological disorders (e.g., malignant brain tumour, multiple sclerosis, Down's syndrome or any other developmental disorders, epilepsy, seizures, Parkinson's, any dementia or neurodegenerative disorder except for MCI), and history of MCI for the caregiver group

• Stroke or history of transient ischemic attack (TIA)

• History of traumatic brain injury (TBI) with loss of consciousness lasting longer than 30 minutes

• Active cancer, history of chemotherapy, or history of radiation to the head

• History of psychiatric conditions including:

  • Diagnosis of major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, or other psychiatric diagnosis within 90 days of study entry, or
  • Lifetime history of psychosis, bipolar disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, or post-traumatic stress disorder
  • History of substance use within the past year

• Serious medical disease that would/could lead to death over the next 2-3 years (e.g. cardiac/renal/liver disease, or cancer) with poor prognosis

• Presence of visual impairment (binocular vision worse than Snellen acuity 20/40)

• Hearing loss that prevents the individual to hear sounds in the Muse app even with a hearing aid (if applicable), or incompatibility of their hearing aid with the Muse headband and inability to hear the Muse app sounds without the hearing aid

• Started taking psychotropic medication (anti-anxiety, anti-psychotics) or cognitive enhancers (memantine, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors) less than 3 months prior to randomization, or has had a change in dosages of any acetylcholinesterase inhibitors or cognitive enhancers within 6 weeks of randomization, or has had any changes in all types of medications or dosages within 4 weeks of randomization.

• Already engages in active meditation practice

• Is enrolled or recently completed (within 30 days) another intervention study or clinical trial

• Unable to understand, read, and speak English

IPD that will be included in publications will be made available to other researchers. The dissemination platform is yet to be decided.

The data will become available at the time of publication of the articles and will remain accessible indefinitely.

The outcomes assessor and all individuals involved in analyzing data will be blind to the participant's study arm. Only the research assistant who will be introducing participants to their meditation app will be aware of their study arm assignment. Participants will be told that they are randomized into one of two types of meditation programs, but will not be told about the difference in the two programs and will not be told if they are in the main intervention group or the control group. That said, given the nature of auditory neurofeedback, participants in the NFB group will be aware that they are receiving neurofeedback. Participants in the no-NFB group will not be experiencing any neurofeedback and, a priori, they should not be aware that neurofeedback is missing.