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This study aims to assess the effects of acute exposure to traffic-related air pollution and the underlying mechanisms.
The investigators will conduct a randomized, crossover trial among 72 healthy young adults in Shanghai, China. The eligible participants will be randomly divided into 2 groups (36 volunteers per group). During the first stage, participants will be requested to take one walking task (from 13:00 to 17:30). The exposed group will walk along a busy road and be exposed to traffic-related air pollution, while the control group will walk in a traffic-free park. During the first 3 hours, all participants will rest for 30 minutes after each 15-minute walking. From 16:00, participants will stop walking and rest for 1.5 hours. Then both groups will enter a 2-week washout period. In the second stage, there will also be one walking task (from 13:00 to 17:30). The two groups will exchange their walking sites and repeat the previous trial. Physical examinations will be performed both before and after each walking task. Besides, we will ask volunteers to stay in school during the two days before walking. Health examinations include symptoms questionnaires, blood pressure tests, Holter monitoring, and spirometry. We plan to collect blood, urine, oropharyngeal swabs, and exhaled breath condensate before exposure, about one hour after exposure, and next morning.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Walking along a busy road | Experimental | Participants in this group will be asked to walk along a busy road for 4.5 hours. |
|
| Walking in a traffic-free park | Active Comparator | Participants in this group will be asked to walk in a traffic-free park for 4.5 hours. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Walking along a busy road | Behavioral | The intervention group will walk along a busy road and be exposed to traffic-related air pollution for 4.5 hours (from 13:00 to 17:30), while alternating 15-minute walking and 30-minute rest periods. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in FEV1 | We plan to measure changes in forced expiratory volume in 1 second. | FEV1 will be examined before exposure, half an hour after exposure and 12 hours after exposure. |
| Blood Pressure | We plan to measure systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). | Blood pressure will be measured for 24 hours from 8:00 am on the morning of intervention to 8:00 am on the next morning. |
| Heart Rate Variability Parameters | We plan to measure heart rate variability (HRV) parameters. | Volunteers will be asked to wear electrographic Holter monitors for 24 hours from 8:00 am on the morning of intervention to 8:00 am on the next morning. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Changes of FVC | Changes of forced vital capacity | 7:00 AM on the day of the walking session, half an hour after exposure and 12 hours after exposure (next morning) |
| Changes of FEV1/FVC | Changes of the ratio of forced expired volume in 1 second (FEV1) to forced vital capacity (FVC) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Differences in DNA methylation levels detected in whole-blood between the two exposures | Genome-wide DNA methylation in whole-blood were detected using Illumina 850K Beadchip. The study is to identify differential CpG loci after TRAP exposure | 1 hour after the end of the exposure session |
| Differences in exosome RNA expression levels detected in plasma transcriptomics between the two exposures |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Haidong Kan, PhD | Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University | Shanghai | Shanghai Municipality | 200032 | China |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D016138 | Walking |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D008124 | Locomotion |
| D009068 | Movement |
| D009142 | Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |
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| Walking in a traffic-free park | Behavioral | The control group will walk in a traffic-free park for 4.5 hours (from 13:00 to 17:30), while alternating 15-minute walking and 30-minute rest periods. |
|
| 7:00 AM on the day of the walking session, half an hour after exposure and 12 hours after exposure (next morning) |
| Changes of MMEF | Changes of maximal mid-expiratory flow | 7:00 AM on the day of the walking session, half an hour after exposure and 12 hours after exposure (next morning) |
Illumina-based transcriptomics is non-targeted. The study is to find the differentially expressed exosome RNA in plasma after TRAP exposure |
| 1 hour after the end of the exposure session |
| Differences in exosome miRNA expression levels detected in plasma transcriptomics between the two exposures | Illumina-based transcriptomics is non-targeted. The study is to find the differentially expressed exosome miRNA in plasma after TRAP exposure | 1 hour after the end of the exposure session |
| Differences in protein levels detected in plasma proteomics between the two exposures | Mass spectrometry-based plasma proteomics is non-targeted. The study is to find the differentially expressed proteins in plasma after TRAP exposure | 1 hour after the end of the exposure session |
| Differences in metabolic profiling detected in serum mass spectrometry-based non-targeted metabolomics between the two exposures | The study is to explore the differential metabolic profiling in serum after TRAP exposure. | 1 hour after the end of the exposure session |
| Differences in metabolic profiling detected in urine mass spectrometry-based non-targeted metabolomics between the two exposures | The study is to explore the differential metabolic profiling in urine after TRAP exposure. | 1 hour after the end of the exposure session |
| Differences in lipids levels detected in serum lipidomics between the two exposures | Mass spectrometry-based serum lipids is non-targeted. The study is to find the differential lipids in serum between the road scenario and the park scenario | 1 hour after the end of the exposure session |
| Differences in protein levels detected in targeted serum proteomic chip between the two exposures | Targeted serum proteomic chip was conducted using the RayBio Biotin Label-based Human Antibody Array, which covers a total of 507 human proteins, including cytokines, inflammatory proteins, growth factors, cell adhesion molecules, soluble receptors and chemokines, and proteins related to angiogenesis and atherosclerosis. The study is to find the differential proteins in serum between the road scenario and the park scenario | 1 hour after the end of the exposure session |
| Differences in metabolic profiling detected in airway mass spectrometry-based non-targeted metabolomics between the two exposures | The study is to explore the differential metabolic profiling in exhaled breath condensate after TRAP exposure. | 1 hour after the end of the exposure session |
| Change in CRP concentrations | Change in the serum concentrations of C-reactive protein | 7:00 AM on the day of the walking session, 1 hour after the end of the exposure session, and 7:00 AM in the next morning |
| Change in ITAC concentrations | Change in the serum concentrations of Interferon-induced T-cell alpha chemoattractant | 7:00 AM on the day of the walking session, 1 hour after the end of the exposure session, and 7:00 AM in the next morning |
| Change in GM-CSF concentrations | Change in the serum concentrations of Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor | 7:00 AM on the day of the walking session, 1 hour after the end of the exposure session, and 7:00 AM in the next morning |
| Change in IFN-gamma concentrations | Change in the serum concentrations of Interferon-gamma | 7:00 AM on the day of the walking session, 1 hour after the end of the exposure session, and 7:00 AM in the next morning |
| Change in IL-10 concentrations | Change in the serum concentrations of Interlukin-10 | 7:00 AM on the day of the walking session, 1 hour after the end of the exposure session, and 7:00 AM in the next morning |
| Change in IL-17A concentrations | Change in the serum concentrations of Interleukin-17A | 7:00 AM on the day of the walking session, 1 hour after the end of the exposure session, and 7:00 AM in the next morning |
| Change in IL-1 beta concentrations | Change in the serum concentrations of Interlukin-1 beta | 7:00 AM on the day of the walking session, 1 hour after the end of the exposure session, and 7:00 AM in the next morning |
| Change in IL-23 concentrations | Change in the serum concentrations of Interleukin-23 | 7:00 AM on the day of the walking session, 1 hour after the end of the exposure session, and 7:00 AM in the next morning |
| Change in IL-6 concentrations | Change in the serum concentrations of Interleukin-6 | 7:00 AM on the day of the walking session, 1 hour after the end of the exposure session, and 7:00 AM in the next morning |
| Change in IL-8 concentrations | Change in the serum concentrations of Interleukin-8 | 7:00 AM on the day of the walking session, 1 hour after the end of the exposure session, and 7:00 AM in the next morning |
| Change in TNF alpha concentrations | Change in the serum concentrations of Tumor necrosis factor-α | 7:00 AM on the day of the walking session, 1 hour after the end of the exposure session, and 7:00 AM in the next morning |
| Change in MDA concentrations | Change in the serum concentrations of Malondialdehyde | 7:00 AM on the day of the walking session, 1 hour after the end of the exposure session, and 7:00 AM in the next morning |
| Change in 8-OH-DG concentrations | Change in the urine concentrations of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine | 7:00 AM on the day of the walking session, 1 hour after the end of the exposure session, and 7:00 AM in the next morning |
| Change in ACE concentrations | Change in the serum concentrations of Angiotensin converting enzymes | 7:00 AM on the day of the walking session, 1 hour after the end of the exposure session |
| Change in Angiotensin II concentrations | Change in the serum concentrations of Angiotensin II | 7:00 AM on the day of the walking session, 1 hour after the end of the exposure session |
| Change in ALD concentrations | Change in the urine concentrations of Aldosterone | 7:00 AM on the day of the walking session, 1 hour after the end of the exposure session |
| Change in TF concentrations | Change in the serum concentrations of Tissue factor | 7:00 AM on the day of the walking session, 1 hour after the end of the exposure session |
| Change in Fibrinogen concentrations | Change in the serum concentrations of Fibrinogen | 7:00 AM on the day of the walking session, 1 hour after the end of the exposure session |
| Change in PAI-1 concentrations | Change in the serum concentrations of Plasminogen Activator inhibitor-1 | 7:00 AM on the day of the walking session, 1 hour after the end of the exposure session |
| Change in vWF concentrations | Change in the serum concentrations of von Willebrand factor | 7:00 AM on the day of the walking session, 1 hour after the end of the exposure session |
| Change in CRF concentrations | Change in the serum concentrations of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor | 7:00 AM on the day of the walking session, 1 hour after the end of the exposure session, and 7:00 AM in the next morning |
| Change in ACTH concentrations | Change in the serum concentrations of Adrenocorticotropic hormone | 7:00 AM on the day of the walking session, 1 hour after the end of the exposure session, and 7:00 AM in the next morning |
| Change in Cortisol concentrations | Change in the serum concentrations of Cortisol | 7:00 AM on the day of the walking session, 1 hour after the end of the exposure session, and 7:00 AM in the next morning |
| Change in Cholesterol concentrations | Change in the serum concentrations of Cholesterol | 7:00 AM on the day of the walking session, 1 hour after the end of the exposure session, and 7:00 AM in the next morning |
| Change in TAG concentrations | Change in the serum concentrations of Triglyceride | 7:00 AM on the day of the walking session, 1 hour after the end of the exposure session, and 7:00 AM in the next morning |
| Change in LDL-C concentrations | Change in the serum concentrations of Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol | 7:00 AM on the day of the walking session, 1 hour after the end of the exposure session, and 7:00 AM in the next morning |
| Change in Glucose concentrations | Change in the serum concentrations of Glucose | 7:00 AM on the day of the walking session, 1 hour after the end of the exposure session, and 7:00 AM in the next morning |
| Change in Insulin concentrations | Change in the serum concentrations of Insulin | 7:00 AM on the day of the walking session, 1 hour after the end of the exposure session, and 7:00 AM in the next morning |
| Changes in SP-D concentrations | Change in the serum concentrations of surfactant proteins D | 7:00 AM on the day of the walking session, 1 hour after the end of the exposure session |
| Changes in Ezrin concentrations | Change in the exhaled breath condensate concentrations of Ezrin | 7:00 AM on the day of the walking session, 1 hour after the end of the exposure session |
| Changes in 8-isoprostane concentrations between the two exposures | Change in the exhaled breath condensate concentrations of 8-isoprostane | 7:00 AM on the day of the walking session, 1 hour after the end of the exposure session |
| Changes in TNF-α concentrations | Change in the exhaled breath condensate concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α | 7:00 AM on the day of the walking session, 1 hour after the end of the exposure session |
| Changes of the scores of respiratory symptoms questionnaires | Changes of scores of respiratory symptoms questionnaires both the total and each symptom specified | 7:00 AM on the day of the walking session, 1 hour after the end of the exposure session |
| D015444 | Exercise |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |