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The investigators are investigating the effects of traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) on the cardiovascular and pulmonary response to exercise in patients with hypertension using a real world randomized, crossover study design. Participants will be exposed to 2 conditions: a low TRAP environment and a high TRAP environment. Each exposure will consist of 30 min of moderate-intensity exercise. Cardiovascular and pulmonary health outcomes will be measured before, during, and up to 24 hours following exposures. A minimum washout period of 1 week will be used to minimize carryover effects.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| High traffic-related air pollution first | Experimental | Participants will exercise in an environment with high levels of traffic-related air pollution first. Afterwards, participants will complete the same exercise in an environment with low levels of traffic-related air pollution. |
|
| Low traffic-related air pollution | Experimental | Participants will exercise in an environment with low levels of traffic-related air pollution first. Afterwards, participants will complete the same exercise in an environment with high levels of traffic-related air pollution. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise | Behavioral | Participants will engage in moderate-intensity (40-59% HRR) exercise for 30 min |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change from Baseline Blood Pressure at 2 Hours Post-Exposure | MAP, SBP, and DBP | Baseline and 2 hours post-exposure |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| 24-Hour Blood Pressure | MAP, SBP, and DBP | 24 hours post-exposure |
| Heart Rate Variability | Indices of heart rate variability | Baseline and up to 24 hours post-exposure |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Michael Koehle, MD, PhD | Professor | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of British Columbia | Vancouver | British Columbia | V6T 1Z3 | Canada |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000075222 | Essential Hypertension |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D006973 | Hypertension |
| D014652 | Vascular Diseases |
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |
| D001519 | Behavior |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015444 | Exercise |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D009068 | Movement |
| D009142 | Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |
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Crossover Assignment
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| Change from Baseline Arterial Stiffness at 2 Hours Post-Exposure | Pulse wave velocity and augmentation index | Baseline and 2 hours post-exposure |
| Change from Baseline Microvascular Responsiveness at 2 Hours Post-Exposure | Microvascular responsiveness (measured by near-infrared spectroscopy) | Baseline and 2 hours post-exposure |
| Muscle Oxygen Saturation | Muscle oxygen saturation (measured by near-infrared spectroscopy) | Continuously throughout the 30 minute exercise bouts (during exposure) |
| Change from Baseline FEV1 and FVC at 2 Hours Post-Exposure | Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) measured by spirometry (in L) | Baseline and 2 hours post-exposure |
| Change from Baseline FEV1/FVC at 2 Hours Post-Exposure | FEV1/FVC ratio measured by spirometry | Baseline and 2 hours post-exposure |
| Change from Baseline FEF25-75 and PEFR at 2 Hours Post-Exposure | Forced expiratory flow at 25-75% of forced vital capacity (FEF25-75) and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) measured by spirometry (in L/s) | Baseline and 2 hours post-exposure |
| Severity of Symptoms | Severity of respiratory symptoms (e.g., dyspnea, cough, wheeze, chest tightness) and headache on a 0-5 scale | Baseline and 2 hours post-exposure |