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This study will use a longitudinal randomized experimental design. Participants will be randomly assigned to either a positive affect skills intervention or a psychoeducation control group and assessed with questionnaires at baseline and immediately post 8-week intervention.
Participants will be randomly assigned to either a positive affect skills intervention or a psychoeducation control group, with each intervention lasting 8-weeks. Participants in the positive affect skills intervention will have full access to the unchanged Happify platform.
The psychoeducation control group participants will use a version of the Happify platform that encourages thinking about well-being through quizzes and polls without providing any instructions for promotion (i.e., Wait-list Control). Participants will be asked to complete questionnaires before and after the 8-week program, at which point study participation will end.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Positive affect condition | Active Comparator | Participants use Happify as it is currently available to consumers on the main site, including all engagement elements. Users may access a wide variety of 4-week programs and use them in any way they desire for the entire study period. |
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| Psychoeducation condition | Sham Comparator | Participants complete a series of quizzes and polls on Happify designed to engage them in thinking about well-being topics, but without giving any specific instructions for how to promote well-being. Participants gain access to 8 weeks worth of content, but may repeat the content as often as they like in the follow-up period. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Happify | Behavioral | An online platform for conveying techniques from positive psychology, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and mindfulness-based stress reduction. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Loneliness (Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale; Russell, Peplau, & Cutrona, 1980) | A 20-item scale designed to measure one's subjective feelings of loneliness as well as feelings of social isolation. | From start of 8-week intervention (baseline) to immediately post-intervention |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Depression Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9; Kroenke, Spitzer, & Williams, 2001) | A 9-item measure of depressive symptoms | From start of 8-week intervention (baseline) to immediately post-intervention |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7; Spitzer, Kroenke, Williams, & Löwe, 2006) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Acacia Parks, PhD | Happify Inc. | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Happify (an online platform -- study is entirely online) | New York | New York | 10012 | United States |
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Users are randomly assigned between arms after completing baseline assessment and stay in that arm for the duration of the study.
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A 7-item measure of anxiety symptoms |
| From start of 8-week intervention (baseline) to immediately post-intervention |
| Perceived Stress Scale (PSS: Cohen, Kamarck, & Mermelstein, 1983) | 10-item measure of perceived stress | From start of 8-week intervention (baseline) to immediately post-intervention |
| Resilience(composite of Perceived Stress Scale [Cohen et al., 1983], Happify Scale [Carpenter et al., 2016] and Life Orientation Scale, Revised [Scheier & Carver, 1985]) | Composite score made of perceived stress, positive emotionality, and optimism. Perceived stress was measured using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS; Cohen, Kamarck, & Mermelstein, 1983), a 10-item questionnaire that asks users to rate on a scale of 0 (never) to 4 (very often) how frequently they experience various symptoms of feeling stress. Positive emotionality was measured using the emotion subscale of the Happify Scale (HS-E; Carpenter, Crutchley, Zilca, Schwartz, Smith, Cobb, & Parks, 2016), which is a 4-item scale asking participants to rate the extent to which, over the past week, they have experienced positive and negative emotions that are activated or de-activated. Optimism was measured using the Life Orientation Scale, Revised (LOT-R; Scheier & Carver, 1985), a 6-item scale on which participants rate the extent to which they identify with optimistic or pessimistic beliefs. | From start of 8-week intervention (baseline) to immediately post-intervention |