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The purpose of this study is to assess whether certain beverages can increase urinary citrate levels in healthy individuals with no history of kidney disease.
Higher urinary citrate levels have been shown to decrease one's risk of developing kidney stones. The study will compare apple cider vinegar, coconut water, diet citric soda and lemonade and determine which is superior at raising citrate levels. Research participants will consume two of the four drinks, each for 7 day periods, according to a prescribed regimen. Throughout the course of the study, participants will periodically provide blood draws for metabolic panels, as well as 24-hour urine samples to measure citrate levels. There will be 12 study arms, accounting for the permutations of two drinks for each patients out of four possibilities. 3 participants per arm is the goal, for a total of 36, but the recruitment aim is 50 participants, to account for dropout and noncompliance.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apple Cider Vinegar + Coconut Water | Experimental | Patients will drink apple cider vinegar for 7 days. After a washout period of 2 weeks, patients will then drink coconut water for 7 days. |
|
| Apple Cider Vinegar + Citric Soda | Experimental | Patients will drink apple cider vinegar for 7 days. After a washout period of 2 weeks, patients will then drink citric soda for 7 days. |
|
| Apple Cider Vinegar + Lemonade | Experimental | Patients will drink apple cider vinegar for 7 days. After a washout period of 2 weeks, patients will then drink lemonade for 7 days. |
|
| Coconut Water + Apple Cider Vinegar | Experimental | Patients will drink coconut water for 7 days. After a washout period of 2 weeks, patients will then drink apple cider vinegar for 7 days. |
|
| Coconut Water + Citric Soda | Experimental | Patients will drink coconut water for 7 days. After a washout period of 2 weeks, patients will then drink citric soda for 7 days. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apple Cider Vinegar | Dietary Supplement | Will drinking apple cider vinegar increase urinary citrate levels to a greater degree than other beverages and which beverages produce the most significant effects compared against one another. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Apple Cider Vinegar Urinary Citrate Increase | Determine the change in urinary citrate levels due to the addition of apple cider vinegar to the diet | 1 week |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Apple Cider Vinegar and urinary pH | Determine the effect of apple cider vinegar on urinary pH | 1 week |
| Apple Cider Vinegar Against Other Beverages | Compare the effect of apple cider vinegar on urinary citrate with that of known citrate-rich beverages (lemonade, citrus based soda, coconut water) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christine M Herfroth, MD | Contact | 6195327227 | christine.m.herforth.mil@mail.mil | |
| Jesse E Resovsky, BS | Contact | 6195327226 | jreso001@gmail.com |
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| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 22498635 | Background | Scales CD Jr, Smith AC, Hanley JM, Saigal CS; Urologic Diseases in America Project. Prevalence of kidney stones in the United States. Eur Urol. 2012 Jul;62(1):160-5. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2012.03.052. Epub 2012 Mar 31. | |
| 15711292 | Background | Pearle MS, Calhoun EA, Curhan GC; Urologic Diseases of America Project. Urologic diseases in America project: urolithiasis. J Urol. 2005 Mar;173(3):848-57. doi: 10.1097/01.ju.0000152082.14384.d7. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D007669 | Kidney Calculi |
| D052878 | Urolithiasis |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D053040 | Nephrolithiasis |
| D007674 | Kidney Diseases |
| D014570 | Urologic Diseases |
| D052776 | Female Urogenital Diseases |
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Prospective randomized sample of 36 patients, in a nested cross over design.
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|
| Coconut Water + Lemonade | Experimental | Patients will drink coconut water for 7 days. After a washout period of 2 weeks, patients will then drink lemonade for 7 days. |
|
| Citric Soda + Apple Cider Vinegar | Experimental | Patients will drink citric soda for 7 days. After a washout period of 2 weeks, patients will then drink apple cider vinegar for 7 days. |
|
| Citric Soda + Coconut Water | Experimental | Patients will drink citric soda for 7 days. After a washout period of 2 weeks, patients will then drink coconut water for 7 days. |
|
| Citric Soda + Lemonade | Experimental | Patients will drink citric soda for 7 days. After a washout period of 2 weeks, patients will then drink lemonade for 7 days. |
|
| Lemonade + Apple Cider Vinegar | Experimental | Patients will drink lemonade for 7 days. After a washout period of 2 weeks, patients will then drink apple cider vinegar for 7 days. |
|
| Lemonade + Coconut Water | Experimental | Patients will drink lemonade for 7 days. After a washout period of 2 weeks, patients will then drink coconut water for 7 days. |
|
| Lemonade + Citric Soda | Experimental | Patients will drink lemonade for 7 days. After a washout period of 2 weeks, patients will then drink citric soda for 7 days. |
|
| Other Beverage | Dietary Supplement | To what degree do other high citrate beverages impact urinary citrate output. |
|
| 4 weeks |
| Palatability Evaluation | Compare the palatability of apple cider vinegar and other known citrate-rich beverages (lemonade, citrus based soda, coconut water). Patients will keep daily log whwere they can free write any side effects (from palatability perspective and otherwise). At the end of the study a 2 question survery (Likert scale format) will be filled in which participants will answer the liklihood of their willingness to consume the beverage daily for the prevention of kidney stones. | 4 weeks |
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| D005261 |
| Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications |
| D000091642 | Urogenital Diseases |
| D014545 | Urinary Calculi |
| D052801 | Male Urogenital Diseases |
| D002137 | Calculi |
| D020763 | Pathological Conditions, Anatomical |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |