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In the present study the investigators will investigate the effect of consuming lipids inside alginate gel once a day during 4 days on food intake and satiety feelings in healthy people with overweight. All participants will receive a test yogurt that includes the oil-filled Ca-alginate gels and a control yogurt where the oil is not inside the gels.
Direct infusion of lipids into different parts of the human small intestine has demonstrated to decrease food intake and subjective appetite feelings, to increase production of the satiety hormones glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and cholecystokinin (CCK), and diminishes gastrointestinal (GI) motility. Amongst oils with different degree of fatty acid saturation, safflower oil (high in linoleic acid, C18:2) was found the strongest inducer of the ileal brake. When ingested orally, however, the major part of dietary lipids will be digested and absorbed in the proximal small intestine and are not likely to induce the ileal brake mechanism. Incorporating small lipid droplets into millimeter-sized calcium (Ca)-alginate gel particles has shown promising results for ileal brake activation. Oral intake of these lipid containing gels have proven to reduce food intake in humans without inducing gastrointestinal symptoms. Contrastingly, to date little is known about repetitive activation of mechanisms of satiety and the effect on food intake. It is not known whether repetitive ileal brake activation provides a stronger brake or whether this will lead to a blunted response and adaptation.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Active yogurt | Experimental | Contains 120 g yogurt + 60 g oil-gel particles (containing 6 g oil) + 24 g water |
|
| Control yogurt | Active Comparator | Contains 120 g yogurt + 54 g empty gel particles + 6 g oil in 24 g water |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yogurt A: Active | Dietary Supplement | Free fat yogurt containing oil-filled alginate gels |
| |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Repetitive effect on ad libitum food intake | Food intake of ad libitum meal (kcal), as measured during lunch (based on cumulated weight reduction of the food items provided) and during a pasta dinner (also based on weight reduction of the plate assuming a homogenous meal) after 4 days of consumption of the test product. | 4 days |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Acute effect on ad libitum food intake | Food intake of ad libitum meal (kcal), as measured during lunch (based on cumulated weight reduction of the food items provided) and during a pasta dinner (also based on weight reduction of the plate assuming a homogenous meal) on the first day of consumption of the test product. | 3 and 6 hours |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alvaro R Garcia Fuentes | Contact | +31433883182 | a.garciafuentes@maastrichtuniversity.nl |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Freddy Troost, Dr. | Maastricht University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Centre for Healthy Eating and Food Innovation | Recruiting | Venlo | Limburg | 5928 RC | Netherlands |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 24533218 | Background | Blomain ES, Dirhan DA, Valentino MA, Kim GW, Waldman SA. Mechanisms of Weight Regain following Weight Loss. ISRN Obes. 2013 Apr 16;2013:210524. doi: 10.1155/2013/210524. eCollection 2013. | |
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| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| Obesity and overweight | View source |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D050177 | Overweight |
| D009765 | Obesity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D044343 | Overnutrition |
| D009748 | Nutrition Disorders |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D001835 | Body Weight |
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| Yogurt B: Control |
| Dietary Supplement |
Free fat yogurt containing the same amount of fat as the active one, and empty alginate gels |
|
| Acute vs repetitive on ad libitum food intake |
The food intake on the first day of consumption of the test product (acute effect) will be compared with the food intake after 4 days of consumption of the test product (repetitive effect). |
| 1 day and 4 days |
| Food intake in normal living setting | Food intake of normal living setting (kcal), as calculated from food diaries filled by participants on day 2 and day 3 of the research periods. | 2 and 3 days |
| Feelings of satiety and GI symptoms (VAS scores) | Feelings of satiety and reduce feelings of hunger, as measured on VAS scores (satiety, fullness, hunger, desire to eat, desire to snack) and occurrence and severity of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms that orally ingested lipids in alginate gel might give, as measured on VAS scores of GI symptoms (bloating, discomfort, pain, nausea). | 1 day and 4 days |
| Energy intake compensation | Percentage of energy intake compensation at lunch and dinner. | 1 day and 4 days |
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| D012816 |
| Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |