Financial incentive for maintaining contact with CATCH service providers.

We will establish the number of days is hospital during the year prior to program enrolment and the 1 year follow-up period. Data linkage will be conducted at the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES), where population-based health information is available at the patient level for all Ontarians using formal health services. Health service use will be examined by the National Ambulatory Reporting System (NACRS), the Discharge Abstract Database (DAD), the Ontario Mental Health Reporting System (OMHRS) and the Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP) for ED visits, outpatient clinics, and inpatient hospitalizations. The project will attain health service data for all consenting participants from 12 months prior to study enrolment to 12 months following study enrolment.

We will establish the number of emergency department visits during the year prior to program enrolment and the 1 year follow-up period. Data linkage will be conducted at the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES), where population-based health information is available at the patient level for all Ontarians using formal health services. Health service use will be examined by the National Ambulatory Reporting System (NACRS), the Discharge Abstract Database (DAD), the Ontario Mental Health Reporting System (OMHRS) and the Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP) for ED visits, outpatient clinics, and inpatient hospitalizations. The project will attain health service data for all consenting participants from 12 months prior to study enrolment to 12 months following study enrolment.

The Colorado Symptom Index (CSI) was designed specifically for homeless individuals with mental health problems. It is a 14-item instrument which assesses the presence and frequency of symptoms of mental illness experienced within the past month. Responses are provided using a 5-point Likert scale with answer choices ranging from 0 (not at all) to 4 (at least every day). A higher score indicates a higher level of symptoms. The CSI is a widely used tool in research as a self-report measure of psychiatric symptomatology. The CSI has been reported to have excellent internal consistency (.92) and test-retest reliability (.71). Evidence of the CSI's validity is strong as CSI scores have been proven to distinguish between individuals with and without mental health service needs and were significantly correlated with functioning.

The Short Form 36 (SF-36) 36-item self-report measure of generic health status is designed to produce Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS) scores. There are scaled questions concerning physical functioning, role limitations, bodily pain, general health perceptions, vitality, social functioning, and general mental health (psychological distress and psychological well-being). Each scale is directly transformed into a 0-100 scale, with lower scores indicating poorer health status. SF-36 has excellent psychometric properties and has been used successfully in a variety of settings and diagnostic groups, including the homeless population.

Participants will be asked to complete the 12-item Working Alliance Inventory - Short Revised (WAI-SR) questionnaire, to assess how they think and feel about the therapeutic relationship with their case manager. Responses are provided using a 5 point Likert scale ranging from 1 (Seldom) to 5 (Always).The WAI-SR includes three subscales relating to task, goal, and bond, and yields a summary score that ranges from 12 to 60, with higher scores indicating a stronger therapeutic relationship.

The Global Appraisal of Individual Needs Short Screener (GAIN-SS), extensively used in this population, consists of questions on four subscales: internal distress, external distress, substance distress, and crime/violence . Response options are: in the 'past month' =4, '2-3 Months'=3, '4-12 Months' =2, or '1+ years.'=1, or 'Never'=0. Using these questions, the GAIN past month score is calculated by counting the number of times the participant identified that they had these problems in the last month, with a higher score indicating greater severity of substance use problems. Scores have 3 levels of severity including: Low (0), Moderate (1 to 2) and High (3+). In addition, we will elicit information on the number of days in the 30 days that participants have problems with alcohol or drugs, and the amount of money spent on alcohol or drugs in the past 30 days.

This modified version of the Dartmouth Residential Time-Line Follow-Back (RTLFB) is designed to collect detailed information about a participant's type of housing and number of days stably housed. The RTFLB uses a calendar and prompts to collect housing for specific time periods. In this study, this information will inform questions about housing stability and circumstances and is being collected at baseline and 6 months. The outcome of interest is the number of days stably housed in the past 6 months.

The original Lehman Quality of Life scale was designed to assess the quality of life of people with severe mental illness. It is a structured self-report interview, conducted by a trained non-clinical interviewer, and elicits participants' ratings of their quality of life. There are 7 subjective scales (living situation, everyday activities, family, social relationships, finances, safety, and satisfaction with life in general) and 4 objective scales (everyday activities, enough money, family contacts, and contacts with friends), scored on a Likert scale ranging from Terrible=1 to Delighted=7. A higher score indicates a higher quality of life. This shorter 20-item version (QoLi-20) was developed and validated by Uttaro and Lehman and used extensively in the homeless population.

The EuroQol-5Dimensions-5Levels (EQ-5D-5L) is a generic measure of health-related quality of life. The EQ-5D-5L includes five items concerning mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression that are weighted(on a scale ranging from Level 1, indicating no problem, to Level 5, indicating extreme problems) to produce a single utility score between 0 and 1. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) of the EQ-5D will also be included, which will allow participants to rate their overall health, mental health and physical health from 0 to 100, where a higher score indicates better overall health.

Participants will be asked to provide their income for the previous month from a number of sources, including: all jobs, Ontario Works, Ontario Disability Support Program, Employment Insurance, child benefits, child support, all other sources of income (pensions, investments, Trillium benefits, HST rebates, etc.).