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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| P50CA180908 | U.S. NIH Grant/Contract | View source |
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| University of Pennsylvania | OTHER |
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Pictorial cigarette warning labels (PWLs) are thought to increase risk knowledge, but experimental research has not examined PWLs' longer term effects on memory for health risks, or for numeric risks (e.g., percentage risk for developing lung cancer). This trial tests memory for numeric health risks immediately or after a six-week delay for US adult smokers. In addition, the trial tests the effects of different warning label components (e.g., whether the numeric risks are percentage or frequency), participants' level of numeric ability, and the consequences of memory for numeric risks on participant risk perceptions and quit intentions.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Text-only PWL, immediate post | Experimental | Exposure to 4 FDA-mandated warning labels and numeric risk information for 8 outcomes related to those warnings (2 outcomes for each PWL; half as percentage, half as frequency) Posttest measures (e.g., memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions) administered immediately following last exposure to warning labels |
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| Text-only PWL, delay posttest | Experimental | Exposure to 4 FDA-mandated warning labels and numeric risk information for 8 outcomes related to those warnings (2 outcomes for each PWL; half as percentage, half as frequency) Posttest measures (e.g., memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions) administered 6 weeks following last exposure to warning labels |
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| Low-emot PWL, immed post | Experimental | Exposure to 4 FDA-mandated warning labels paired with images that elicit little emotion and numeric risk information for 8 outcomes related to those warnings (2 outcomes for each PWL; half as percentage, half as frequency) Posttest measures (e.g., memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions) administered immediately following last exposure to warning labels |
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| Low-emot PWL, delay posttest | Experimental | Exposure to 4 FDA-mandated warning labels paired with images that elicit little emotion and numeric risk information for 8 outcomes related to those warnings (2 outcomes for each PWL; half as percentage, half as frequency) Posttest measures (e.g., memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions) administered 6 weeks following last exposure to warning labels |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| text-only PWL | Behavioral |
| ||
| low-emot PWL |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| numeric risk recall | free recall for numeric risks presented in labels (e.g., ____% of smokers die before age 85), both for smokers and nonsmokers | immediately following last exposure or after 6-week delay |
| numeric risk recognition | Participants answered one multiple choice question about the numeric risk for smokers and nonsmokers (combined in one question) for each of the 8 outcomes that had been paired with the PWLs. For each question, there were four decoy responses. | immediately following last exposure or after 6-week delay |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| smoking risk perceptions | Participants completed several scale items about how much risk they perceived smoking posed to them (e.g., "Compared to the average nonsmoker your age, gender, and race, how would you rate your chances of": 1) "getting a life threatening illness because of smoking," 2) "getting lung cancer," and 3) "dying at a younger age than average" (-3 = Much lower, +3 = Much higher)) They also gave verbal likelihood ratings for each of the 8 outcomes of smoking that had been paired with the labels (e.g., "Thinking of risks that you were shown in the warnings, what is the likelihood of a smoker [non-smoker] dying from heart disease?," 0=impossible, 11=certain) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000073865 | Cigarette Smoking |
| D016540 | Smoking Cessation |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000073869 | Tobacco Smoking |
| D012907 | Smoking |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D064424 | Tobacco Use |
| D015438 |
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| High-emot PWL, immed posttest | Experimental | Exposure to 4 FDA-mandated warning labels paired with images that elicit high emotion and numeric risk information for 8 outcomes related to those warnings (2 outcomes for each PWL; half as percentage, half as frequency) Posttest measures (e.g., memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions) administered immediately following last exposure to warning labels |
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| High-emot PWL, delay posttest | Experimental | Exposure to 4 FDA-mandated warning labels paired with images that elicit high emotion and numeric risk information for 8 outcomes related to those warnings (2 outcomes for each PWL; half as percentage, half as frequency) Posttest measures (e.g., memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions) administered 6 weeks following last exposure to warning labels |
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| Behavioral |
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| high-emot PWL | Behavioral |
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| immed posttest | Behavioral |
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| delay posttest | Behavioral |
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| immediately following last exposure or after 6-week delay |
| smoking risk knowledge | Participants listed as many risks of smoking as they could think of. | immediately following last exposure or after 6-week delay |
| quit intentions | Participants intentions to quit smoking, Likelihood of smoking within next 30 days, next year (-3 = very unlikely, 3 = very likely) | immediately following last exposure or after 6-week delay |
| Health Behavior |