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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| P50CA180908 | U.S. NIH Grant/Contract | View source |
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| University of Pennsylvania | OTHER |
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Pictorial cigarette warning labels (PWLs) are thought to increase risk knowledge, but experimental research has not examined PWLs' longer term effects on memory for health risks. This trial tests memory for health risks immediately or after a six-week delay for US-representative adult smokers, US-representative teen smokers/vulnerable smokers, and Appalachian-representative adult smokers. In addition, the trial tests the effects of different warning label components and the consequences of memory for labels on risk perceptions and quit intentions.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Text-only PWL, immediate post | Experimental | Exposure to 9 FDA-mandated warning labels Posttest measures (e.g., memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions) administered immediately following last exposure to warning labels |
|
| Text-only PWL, delay posttest | Experimental | Exposure to 9 FDA-mandated warning labels Posttest measures (e.g., memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions) administered 6 weeks after last exposure to warning labels |
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| Low-emot PWL, immediate posttest | Experimental | Exposure to 9 warning labels paired with image that elicited little emotion Posttest measures (e.g., memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions) administered immediately following last exposure to warning labels |
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| Low-emot PWL, delay posttest | Experimental | Exposure to 9 warning labels paired with image that elicited little emotion Posttest measures (e.g., memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions) administered 6 weeks after last exposure to warning labels |
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| High-emot PWL, immediate posttest |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Text-only PWL | Behavioral | Control condition |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| graphic warning label recall | free recall for risk information presented in labels (9 text boxes, 1 for each label; coded for exact or equivalent words) | immediately following last exposure or after 6-week delay |
| smoking risk recognition | Participants were subsequently shown twenty-six negative health effects and asked "Which of the following health effects were mentioned in the warnings we showed you?" and responded "Yes, I saw this health effect" or "No, I did not see this health effect." Fourteen risks were mentioned in the warnings (e.g., cancer, harms children, emphysema); six were risks of smoking not presented in the warnings (e.g., wrinkles, diabetes), and six were not risks of smoking (e.g., acne, thyroid problems). | immediately following last exposure or after 6-week delay |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| smoking risk perceptions | participants completed several scale items about how much risk they perceived smoking posed to them (e.g., "Compared to the average nonsmoker your age, gender, and race, how would you rate your chances of": 1) "getting a life threatening illness because of smoking," 2) "getting lung cancer," and 3) "dying at a younger age than average" (-3 = Much lower, +3 = Much higher)) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
• have not ever smoked a cigarette (all samples)
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| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 29947729 | Derived | Peters E, Shoots-Reinhard B, Evans AT, Shoben A, Klein E, Tompkins MK, Romer D, Tusler M. Pictorial Warning Labels and Memory for Cigarette Health-risk Information Over Time. Ann Behav Med. 2019 Mar 20;53(4):358-371. doi: 10.1093/abm/kay050. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D016540 | Smoking Cessation |
| D000073865 | Cigarette Smoking |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015438 | Health Behavior |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D000073869 | Tobacco Smoking |
| D012907 | Smoking |
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| Experimental |
Exposure to 9 warning labels paired with image that elicited high emotion Posttest measures (e.g., memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions) administered immediately following last exposure to warning labels |
|
| High-emot PWL, delay posttest | Experimental | Exposure to 9 warning labels paired with image that elicited high emotion Posttest measures (e.g., memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions) administered 6 weeks after last exposure to warning labels |
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| Low-emot PWL | Behavioral | Pictorial warning |
|
| High-emot PWL | Behavioral | Pictorial warning |
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| Immediate posttest | Behavioral |
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| delay posttest | Behavioral |
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| immediately following last exposure or after 6-week delay |
| quit intentions | participants' intentions to quit smoking | immediately following last exposure or after 6-week delay |
| D064424 |
| Tobacco Use |