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Gut hormones have therapeutic potential in the prevention and treatment obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Milk protein and calcium can each potentiate gut hormones following meal ingestion in humans. However, these nutrients may interact synergistically (and with other minerals in milk) such that specific co-ingestion of these nutrients is required to obtain the full therapeutic potential for metabolism and energy balance. This proposal is to perform a pilot study on the effect of co-ingesting Capolac® plus protein on circulating gut hormone responses.
Participants will be asked to arrive to the laboratory between 08:00 and 10:00 am after not eating for between 8-14 hours i.e. in a fasted state (water intake is permitted and encouraged). Participants will then be given one of three test drinks: 1) calcium citrate (1000 mg); 2) milk mineral supplement (equating to 1000 mg calcium); or 3) milk mineral supplement (equating to 1000 mg calcium) plus whey protein hydrolysate (50 g). Each of these drinks will also contain 500 mL of water and artificial sweetener (80 mg sucralose).
Blood samples will be taken before, and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after ingestion of the test drink to determine the concentrations of gut hormones (GIP, GLP-1 and PYY) circulating in the bloodstream. We will also ask participants to complete an appetite questionnaire at baseline and every 30 minutes after ingestion of the test drink to assess their appetite sensations. After the 120-minute time point, we will remove the cannula and the trial day will be complete.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Calcium Citrate | Placebo Comparator | Calcium citrate (1000 mg calcium) will be consumed by participants in the morning between 8-10 am after 8-14 h fasting. Blood samples, appetite scales and expired breath samples will be taken in a regular intervals for 2 h after ingestion. |
|
| Milk Mineral Supplement | Active Comparator | Milk mineral supplement (equating to 1000 mg calcium) will be consumed by participants in the morning between 8-10 am after 8-14 h fasting. Blood samples, appetite scales and expired breath samples will be taken in a regular intervals for 2 h after ingestion. |
|
| Milk mineral supplement plus Whey Protein Hydrolysate | Experimental | Milk mineral supplement (equating to 1000 mg calcium) plus whey protein hydrolysate (50 g) will be consumed by participants in the morning between 8-10 am after 8-14 h fasting. Blood samples, appetite scales and expired breath samples will be taken in a regular intervals for 2 h after ingestion. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calcium Citrate | Dietary Supplement | 1000 mg calcium as calcium citrate |
| |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Postprandial plasma GLP-1 area under the curve (mmol/L x 120 min). | Plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentrations | 120 min |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Postprandial plasma GIP area under the curve (mmol/L x 120 min) | Plasma glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) concentrations | 120 min |
| Postprandial plasma PYY area under the curve (mmol/L x 120 min) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Bath | Bath | United Kingdom |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 31531707 | Derived | Chen YC, Smith HA, Hengist A, Chrzanowski-Smith OJ, Mikkelsen UR, Carroll HA, Betts JA, Thompson D, Saunders J, Gonzalez JT. Co-ingestion of whey protein hydrolysate with milk minerals rich in calcium potently stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion: an RCT in healthy adults. Eur J Nutr. 2020 Sep;59(6):2449-2462. doi: 10.1007/s00394-019-02092-4. Epub 2019 Sep 17. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009765 | Obesity |
| D003920 | Diabetes Mellitus |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D050177 | Overweight |
| D044343 | Overnutrition |
| D009748 | Nutrition Disorders |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019355 | Calcium Citrate |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D017610 | Calcium Compounds |
| D007287 | Inorganic Chemicals |
| D019343 | Citric Acid |
| D002951 | Citrates |
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Participants and Researchers will be blinded to the interventions.
| Milk Mineral Supplement |
| Dietary Supplement |
Milk Minerals containing 1000 mg calcium |
|
| Whey Protein Hydrolysate | Dietary Supplement | 50 g whey protein hydrolysate |
|
Plasma peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) concentrations.
| 120 min |
| Subjective ratings of appetite (au) | Visual analogue scales of appetite ratings | 120 min |
| Energy metabolism (carbohydrate and fat oxidation) | Carbohydrate and fat oxidation (g/h) measured via indirect calorimetry | 120 min |
| Postprandial plasma glucose | Plasma glucose concentrations (mmol/L). | 120 min |
| Blood pressure | Systolic and diastolic blood pressure | 120 min |
| D001835 |
| Body Weight |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D044882 | Glucose Metabolism Disorders |
| D008659 | Metabolic Diseases |
| D004700 | Endocrine System Diseases |
| D014233 |
| Tricarboxylic Acids |
| D000144 | Acids, Acyclic |
| D002264 | Carboxylic Acids |
| D009930 | Organic Chemicals |