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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Leiden University Medical Center | OTHER |
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The study will consist of five occasions with one week in between. BOLD signal intensity of the hypothalamus will be measured using fMRI. Measurements will be done before and after drinking 300 ml plain water or water to which glucose and/or ethyl butyrate will be added.
The hypothalamus is known to be important for control of feeding behaviour as well as the regulation of temperature. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a non-invasive method, which detects transient haemodynamic changes in the brain, using blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal differences.
In order to investigate the role of hypothalamic neural activity in response to taste, glucose and temperature, fMRI will be performed before, during and after ingestion of 300 ml plain water or water with added ethyl butyrate (pineapple flavour), added glucose or added ethyl butyrate plus glucose. All beverages will be consumed at 22 °C and the combination will also be drunk at 0 °C.
The study uses a randomised cross-over design in 16 healthy male subjects with a normal body weight. There will be an interval of at least one week between the five occasions.
BOLD signal intensity of the hypothalamus will be continuously measured for 21 minutes (5 minutes baseline, 4 minutes during drinking and 12 minutes after drinking).
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Water/gluc/gluc+EB/EB/gluc+EB_cold | Experimental | First Water 22 C, then Glucose 22 C, then Glucose + Ethyl butyrate 22 C, then Ethyl butyrate 22 C and then Glucose + Ethyl butyrate 0 C |
|
| Water/gluc+EB/gluc/gluc+EB_cold/EB | Experimental | First Water 22 C, then Glucose + Ethyl butyrate 22 C, then Glucose 22 C, then Glucose + Ethyl butyrate 0 C and then Ethyl butyrate 22 C |
|
| Gluc/water/EB/gluc+EB/glucose+EB_cold | Experimental | First Glucose 22 C, then Water 22 C, then Ethyl butyrate 22 C, then Glucose + Ethyl butyrate 22 C and then Glucose + Ethyl butyrate 0 C |
|
| Gluc/EB/water/gluc+EB_cold/gluc+EB | Experimental | First Glucose 22 C, then Ethyl butyrate 22 C, then Water 22 C, then Glucose + Ethyl butyrate 0 C and then Glucose + Ethyl butyrate 22 C |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | Other | Water, 300 ml, at room temperature |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Determine hypothalamic function in response to taste, temperature and glucose sensing | BOLD-signal intensity | Before (5 minutes) and after (12 minutes) drinking |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Diabetes or history of other disturbances of glucose metabolism (eg impaired glucose tolerance, hypoglycaemia).
Any genetic or psychiatric disease (e.g. fragile X syndrome, major depression) affecting brain
Any significant chronic disease
Renal or hepatic disease
Recent weight changes or attempts to lose weight (> 3 kg weight gain or loss, within the last 3 months)
Smoking (current or last 6 months)
Alcohol consumption of more than 21 units per week or use of recreational drugs at present or in the last year
Recent blood donation (within the last 2 months)
Recent participation in other biomedical research projects (within the last 3 months), participation in 3 or more biomedical research projects in one year
Contra-indication to MRI scanning:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Jeroen van der Grond | Leiden University Medical Center | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum | Leiden | South Holland | Netherlands |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 29806553 | Derived | van Opstal AM, Hafkemeijer A, van den Berg-Huysmans AA, Hoeksma M, Blonk C, Pijl H, Rombouts SARB, van der Grond J. Brain activity and connectivity changes in response to glucose ingestion. Nutr Neurosci. 2020 Feb;23(2):110-117. doi: 10.1080/1028415X.2018.1477538. Epub 2018 May 27. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D014867 | Water |
| D005947 | Glucose |
| C045572 | ethyl butyrate |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D006878 | Hydroxides |
| D000468 | Alkalies |
| D007287 | Inorganic Chemicals |
| D000838 | Anions |
| D007477 |
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| EB/Gluc/gluc+EB_cold/water/glucose+EB | Experimental | First Ethyl butyrate 22 C, then Glucose 22 C, then Glucose + Ethyl butyrate 0 C, then Water 22 C and then Glucose + Ethyl butyrate 22 C |
|
| EB/gluc+EB_cold/gluc/glucose+EB/water | Experimental | First Ethyl butyrate 22 C, then Glucose + Ethyl butyrate 0 C, then Glucose 22 C, then Glucose + Ethyl butyrate 22 C and then Water 22 C |
|
| Gluc+EB_cold/water/glucose+EB/glucose/EB | Experimental | First Glucose + Ethyl butyrate 22 C, then Water 22 C, then Glucose + Ethyl butyrate 0 C, then Glucose 22 C and then Ethyl butyrate 22 C |
|
| Gluc+EB_cold/glucose+EB/water/EB/glucose | Experimental | First Glucose + Ethyl butyrate 22 C, then Glucose + Ethyl butyrate 0 C, then Water 22 C, then Ethyl butyrate 22 C and then Glucose 22 C |
|
| Gluc+EB_cold/gluc+EB/EB/water/glucose | Experimental | First Glucose + Ethyl butyrate 0 C, then Glucose + Ethyl butyrate 22 C, then Ethyl butyrate 22 C, then Water 22 C and then Glucose 22 C |
|
| Gluc+EB_cold/EB/gluc+EB/glucose/water | Experimental | First Glucose + Ethyl butyrate 0 C, then Ethyl butyrate 22 C, then Glucose + Ethyl butyrate 22 C, then Glucose 22 C and then Water 22 C |
|
| Glucose | Other | Water containing 50 g glucose, 300 ml, at room temperature |
|
| Ethyl butyrate | Other | Water containing ethyl butyrate (pineapple flavour) 300 ml, at room temperature |
|
| Glucose + ethyl butyrate | Other | Water containing 50 g glucose and ethyl butyrate (pineapple flavour) 300 ml, at room temperature |
|
| Glucose + ethyl butyrate 0 C | Other | Water containing 50 g glucose and ethyl butyrate (pineapple flavour) 300 ml, at 0 degrees centigrade |
|
| Ions |
| D004573 | Electrolytes |
| D010087 | Oxides |
| D017601 | Oxygen Compounds |
| D006601 | Hexoses |
| D009005 | Monosaccharides |
| D000073893 | Sugars |
| D002241 | Carbohydrates |